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Aircraft
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
The horizontal tail is composed of the horizontal stabilizer (or tailplane), which is a fixed part, and the elevator, which is a moveable part. The elevators, which are hinged to the rear of the horizontal stabilizer, allow the pilot to move the nose up and down. It provides control to pitch the airplane about an axis parallel to the wing. The vertical tail is composed of the vertical stabilizer (or fin), which is a fixed part, and the rudder, which is a moveable part. The rudder, located on the rear edge of the fin, enables the pilot to control the airplanes’ left-right movement (yaw control, around a vertical axis). There are also small moveable surfaces on the empennage—trim tabs. The trim tabs are located on the outer edges of the rudders and elevator and help the pilot to stabilize the airplane during flight, reducing the manual energy and workload of the pilot.
Influence of the interlayer film thickness on the mechanical performance of AA2024-T3/CF-PPS hybrid joints produced by friction spot joining
Published in Welding International, 2018
Natália M. André, Seyed M. Goushegir, Jorge F. dos Santos, Leonardo B. Canto, Sergio T. Amancio-Filho
Recently, the development of lightweight hybrid structures has become the focus of industries in the transport sector. In the aeronautical industry, for example, the structure of the Boeing 787 consists, to more than 50 wt%, of advanced polymer composites; a 20% decrease in the total weight of the aircraft compared to the structure fabricated conventionally in aluminium [3]. In the last 30 years, Airbus has also been investigating the use of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers in its aircraft. Applications have been developed for components such as variable geometry wings and the tail fin of the A310, the tailplane of the A320, the vertical stabilizer of the A340-600, the central box of the wing of the A380, as well as parts of the wings of the Falcon 10, ATR 72 and A400 M [4]. Moreover, the recent launch of the A350 XWB created a new standard in this class of aircraft from Airbus. This model gave a 25% reduction in fuel consumption owing to the use of 53% of polymer composites in its structure [4]. In the Brazilian scenario, Embraer has also invested in carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. The recent launch of the military cargo transport aircraft – the KC-390 – demonstrated for the first time on a national scale the use of polymer composites in lightweight solutions for ballistic protection [5]. In addition, in the automotive industry, a new generation of electric and hybrid cars has been developed by BMW (e.g. i3 and i8). By replacing the traditionally used steel with carbon fibre-reinforced polymers and aluminium, the engineers at BMW were able to make dramatic reductions in the weight of the vehicles. Besides reducing the weight of the vehicle itself, the replacement structure gives a 50% saving of energy and 70% saving of water in the manufacturing process [6].