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Certification, Safety, and Software
Published in Scott Jackson, Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft, 2020
Enhancement: Terrain Avoidance Warning System (TAWS) Install TAWS on all newly manufactured aircraft.Retrofit TAWS on existing aircraft.Institute system to support TAWS including installation, maintenance, and training.Develop standard operating procedures (SOP) for flight deck crew members.Include vertical angles in instrument approach procedures.Incorporate a digital elevation model to determine minimum vectoring altitudes (MVA) to reduce TAWS alerts.Develop procedures to provide better separation from terrain at selected sites.
Terrain awareness warning system (TAWS)
Published in David Wyatt, Mike Tooley, Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems, 2018
During the 1970s, studies were carried out by accident investigators and regulatory authorities to examine one of the most significant causes of aircraft accidents of the time: controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). This can be defined as an accident where a serviceable aircraft, under the control of a qualified pilot, inadvertently flies into terrain, an obstacle or water. CFIT accidents usually occur during poor visual conditions, often influenced by other factors, e.g. flight crew distraction, malfunctioning equipment or air traffic control (ATC) miscommunication. With CFIT, the pilots are generally unaware of this situation until it is too late. The outcome of these investigations was that many CFIT accidents could be avoided with a ground proximity warning system (GPWS). A system was developed in 1967 to alert pilots that their aircraft was in immediate danger of CFIT. This system was further developed into the enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS) by adding a forwardlooking terrain avoidance (FLTA) feature, made possible via global positioning system technology. This chapter describes the generic name given to this type of protection: terrain awareness warning system (TAWS).
High-Fidelity Line Operational Simulation Evaluation of Synthetic Vision Flight Deck Technology for Enhanced Unusual Attitude Awareness and Recovery
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Kyle K. Ellis, Lawrence J. Prinzel, Daniel K. Kiggins, Stephanie N. Nicholas, Kathryn Ballard, Renee C. Lake, Trey J. Arthur
The 12 flight crews experienced eight undesired aircraft states (UASs) where the flight crew actions were judged to have resulted in aircraft position or speed deviations, misapplication of flight controls, or incorrect systems configuration that led to a reduction in margins of safety. For the Blue-Over-Brown display condition, six UASs were observed where the flight crew actions led to significant speed excursions (N = 2), that was recovered successfully; and hazardous proximity to terrain resulting in TAWS alerts (N = 4) which did not lead to controlled-flight-into-terrain. Two flight crews in the Virtual Day-VMC display condition experienced speed excursions (N = 2) that were recovered successfully. No flight crews with the Virtual Day-VMC display condition experienced a hazardous proximity to terrain resulting in a TAWS alert (N = 0). All flight crews (N = 12) were rated to have adequately managed the overall LOS scenario situation for safe aircraft return to origin airport.
Leverage points: insights from a field study in the air traffic control system
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
Stathis Malakis, Tom Kontogiannis
In order to examine unsuccessful CoAs, we complied the following list of unwanted outcomes on the basis of regulations, operation manuals and interviews with the controllers:ACAS RA (airborne collision avoidance system, resolution advisory).Activation of genuine ground collision system such as GPWS (ground proximity warning system)/TAWS (terrain awareness and warning system) ‘warning’.Separation minima infringements.Aircraft deviation from ATC clearance;Approach continued against air operator stabilised approach criteria (i.e. unstable approach).Level bust.Lightning strike.Thunderstorm encounter.Turbulence encounterMissed approaches.Significant increase of controller ‘s workload.Poor approach sequencing.Strong verbal and written complaints from the flight crews for unfair treatment.Lengthy vectoring.Tightly coupled vectoring plan that allows little room for error and mistimed instructions.