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Airspace Systems Technologies
Published in Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy, Green Aviation: Reduction of Environmental Impact Through Aircraft Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2018
Civil aviation is a vital sector of the U.S. economy. In 2009, air transportation and related industries generated $1.3 trillion and employed 10 million people in the United States (Federal Aviation Administration, 2014). The U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), which provides the infrastructure needed for the operation of civil aviation in the United States, refers to all the hardware, software, and people involved in managing air traffic. At any given moment, as many as 5,000 aircraft may be flying in U.S. skies, and in 2011, the NAS managed the progress of nearly 10 million flights. However, the capacity of the U.S. airspace is limited by the ability of controllers to detect conflicts between aircraft and resolve them in a safe manner when traffic density is high. As a result, the air transportation system often experiences significant delays and lost productivity, and it produces greater amounts of noise pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2), and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than it would if operations were more efficient. In 2005, the Air Transport Association, a group representing airlines, estimated the cost of delays to airlines at $5.9 billion (Borener et al., 2006).
Managing the SMS
Published in Alan J. Stolzer, Carl D. Halford, John J. Goglia, Safety Management Systems in Aviation, 2018
Alan J. Stolzer, Carl D. Halford, John J. Goglia
In its doctrine on SMS (FAA Order 8000.1) the FAA describes three levels of interaction with the air transportation system and its components (FAA, 2006b, pp. 10-12). The first is the National Air Transportation System level. At this level the FAA has responsibility for safety management in the National Airspace System, the commercial aviation system, and general aviation. The FAA evaluates the effectiveness of regulations, policies, and standards in maintaining safety performance and takes corrective action as necessary.
Introduction
Published in Yasmina Bestaoui Sebbane, Intelligent Autonomy of Uavs, 2018
Key attributes that enable UAV operation are [25]:Awareness of the UAV location within the operational space of its attitude and of its direction and speed of movement;Sensors and/or remote data-feeds that enable maintenance of the awareness of location, attitude and movement in a sufficiently timely manner;A set of controls over the UAV attitude, direction and speed of movement, to enable flight to be sustained under a wide variety of atmospheric conditions;Maneuverability: sufficiently rapid response of the UAV to the controls;Sufficient power to maintain movement, to implement the controls, and to operate sensors and data-feeds, for the duration of the flight;Ability to navigate to destination locations within the operational space;Situational awareness: the ability to monitor the operational space;Collision avoidance: the ability to navigate with respect to obstacles;Robustness to withstand threatening events, such as wind-shear, turbulence, lightning and bird-strike.Recent developments increase the use of small UAVs in mission applications [50]. It is important to develop tools applicable at all levels of autonomous operation, from inner loop control at a lower level to interaction with human operators and/or mission management systems at a higher level [51]. Challenges of UAS integration with manned aviation in national airspace system (NAS) include detect-and-avoid systems, robust and fault-tolerant flight control systems, communications, levels of autonomy, network-controlled teams, as well as challenges related to regulations, safety, certification issues, operational constraints, and frequency management.
Statistical Learning for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Applications to Aircraft-UAV Collisions
Published in Technometrics, 2023
Xinchao Liu, Xiao Liu, Tulin Kaman, Xiaohua Lu, Guang Lin
The rapid growth of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) within the National Airspace System has been identified as an emerging threat to manned aircraft by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with more than 1.8M registered drones (Olivares 2017; FAA 2020). To ensure aviation safety of commercial flights, airborne aircraft-UAV collisions need be understood, assessed and mitigated during aircraft design and by new aviation regulations (FAA 2014; Joslin 2015; Olivares et al. 2017). It is prescribed in the Code of Federal Regulations 25.631 (bird strike) that an aircraft must continue safe flight and landing after impact with an 8-pound bird at the design cruising speed (CFR 2012). Considering the harder materials used for UAV, UAV-strike can cause potentially severer damage than bird-strike, posing a greater threat to the safe operation of commercial aircraft.