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Launch Vehicles, Propulsion Systems, and Payloads
Published in Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell, An Introduction to the Spaceport Industry, 2020
Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell
As costs and performance are highly dependent on weight, many launch providers offer additional space in the fairing for secondary payloads, thereby increasing their revenue stream with each launch. Even for government-sponsored launches, “piggyback” configurations allow for secondary payloads. Figure 3.22 illustrates the concept behind secondary payloads using a basic illustration for the NASA Space Launch System (SLS). The primary payload, the Orion crew spacecraft, sits above the core rocket stage, while the secondary payload area for cube satellites (CubeSats) is located above the crew capsule. Note that CubeSats, a popular payload at present, area class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. CubeSats are built to standard dimensions (Units or ‘U’) of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm. They can be 1U, 2U, 3U, or 6U in size, and typically weigh less than 1.33 kg (3 lbs) per cube (NASA 2018).Figures 3.23 and 3.24 display CubeSats being deployed into space either as 1U or as part of nanoracks.
Uncertainty and disturbance-observer based robust attitude control for satellites
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
Shilpee Kumar, Sarbani Chakraborty
Miniaturised satellites are the future of space missions. The small satellites based on mass are categorised as: minisatellite (100–500 kg), microsatellite (<100 kg), nanosatellite (<10kg). The concentrated design layout of the small satellite is due to its small weight, low volume, and single-serving purpose. Classification of nanosatellite in strict terms is any satellite within the mass of 1–10 kg. Satellites placed in the range of 600–1200 kms above the earth’s surface are (Low Earth Orbit) LEO satellites (Yamashita et al., 2004). These cost-effective LEO satellites revolve at an extremely high-speed providing continuous coverage focused over a region. Hence, a continuous control strategy is required to maintain the orientation of the satellite with respect to a fixed reference frame such as Sun or star which is challenging. ADCS is an integral subsystem of satellite providing stability and robustness to rotate in a defined orbit in LEO (Sanyal & Lee-Ho, 2009).
CubeSat project: experience gained and design methodology adopted for a low-cost Electrical Power System
Published in Automatika, 2022
Kamel Djamel Eddine Kerrouche, Abderrahmane Seddjar, Nassima Khorchef, Sidi Ahmed Bendoukha, Lina Wang, Abdelkader Aoudeche
This last decade has seen a significant development of small and nanosatellites launched and put into orbit. These nanosatellites are mostly designed, built, tested, and operated according to the CubeSat standard, which was developed in 2000 by California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University [1]. A nanosatellite with the dimensions of one, two, up to three cubes that can be built and launched is named, a single CubeSat (denoted 1U), a double CubeSat (denoted 2U), or a triple CubeSat (denoted 3U), respectively. To offer more flexible mission profiles (interplanetary missions, communication, astrochemistry, and astrobiology research with larger payload), a sextuple CubeSat (denoted 6U) up to 12U nanosatellite is nowadays being considered, while preserving the advantages offered by standardization, by varying the profile of the CubeSats deployed into orbits [2,3]. Space agencies, especially NASA, are experimenting with using CubeSats to deal with scientific problems, such as 6U nanosatellites launched in 2018 towards Mars for a telecommunications experiment [4]. CubeSats are placed in their orbits using a closed deployer, such as Poly PicoSatellite Orbital Deployer (PPOD), which can be loaded with three-1U CubeSat, one 2U and one 1U or one 3U nanosatellite. While 6U or 12U nanosatellite are generally designed for deployment from International Space Station (ISS) via NanoRacks [5]. Compared with large-scale satellites projects, CubeSats are low-cost for the launch and the hardware, with a short period of development and fast delivery [6].