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Satellites
Published in Mohammad Razani, Information, Communication, and Space Technology, 2017
GOES-8 was the first weather satellite using the three-axis stabilization (Figure 4.16) that resulted in noticeable improvement in gathering weather imagery and atmosphere data. The most recent GOES satellites use GPS for search and rescue operations. In 1969, the French national space agency, Centre National d-Etudes Spatiales (CNES) proposed the European meteorological satellite system, Meteosat (Figure 4.17). On November 23, 1977, Meteosat-1 was launched which was followed by the launch of Meteosat-2 in 1981. EUMETSAT, Europe’s meteorological satellite organization, which is an intergovernmental organization, was created through an international convention agreed to by 17 European member states in 1986. EUMETSAT and ESA have been cooperating on the production of a significantly improved system. Figure 4.18 shows the Meteosat first-generation and second-generation satellite characteristics that demonstrate the improvements made. 1997 marked the launch of the Meteosat-7, the last of the first-generation weather satellites developed by ESA. The operation of the Meteosat satellites was formally handed over from ESA to EUMETSAT in 1995. The main services initially provided by Meteosat’s first-generation satellite have been replaced by the improved Meteosat second-generation (MSG), with two currently in orbit, Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9, and two more satellites planned for 2021. The Meteosat program is set to continue with MGS-3, which will be launched in mid-2012 on an Ariane-5, followed by MSG-4 in 2014.
Satellites
Published in Mohammad Razani, Commercial Space Technologies and Applications, 2018
Figure 3.40 shows the Meteosat first-generation and second-generation satellite characteristics that demonstrate the improvements made. The year 1997 marked the launch of the Meteosat-7, the last of the first-generation weather satellites developed by ESA. The operation of the Meteosat satellites was formally handed over from ESA to EUMETSAT in 1995. The main services initially provided by Meteosat’s first-generation satellite have been replaced by the improved Meteosat second-generation (MSG), with two currently in orbit, Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9, and two more satellites planned for 2021. The Meteosat program is set to continue with MGS-3, which will be launched in mid-2012 on an Ariane-5, followed by MSG-4 in 2014.
Inanimate Debris Generated by Adverse Weather Conditions
Published in Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Foreign Object Debris and Damage in Aviation, 2022
Geostationary meteorological satellites are operated by Europe, China, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. They provide lower resolution than similar data from polar orbiting satellites. However, they image the same area of Earth at least every hour, or even every 15 min (Meteosat-8).
Remote sensing of earth’s energy budget: synthesis and review
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Shunlin Liang, Dongdong Wang, Tao He, Yunyue Yu
There are also multiple broadband sensors abroad geostationary satellites such as the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) sensors, carried by Meteosat-8 launched in 2002, and Meteosat-9, launched in 2007 (Brindley and Russell 2017), and the broadband bolometric oscillation sensor (BOS) operated as a part of the payload of PICARD between June 2010 and March 2014 (Zhu et al. 2015). In addition to conventional geostationary satellites, the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite, placed at the neutral gravity point between the Earth and the Sun (Lagrange point 1), has been offering high temporal observations (15–60 min) of the sunlit side of the Earth since 2015. The National Institute of Standards & Technology Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) and Enhanced Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) provide broadband and multispectral observations, respectively, with a unique perspective into Earth’s energy balance since the radiation quantities are retrieved for the entire sunlit globe from sunrise to sunset multiple times per day as the Earth rotates in EPIC’s field of view (Herman et al. 2018).
Satellite remote sensing of aerosol optical depth: advances, challenges, and perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Xiaoli Wei, Ni-Bin Chang, Kaixu Bai, Wei Gao
The geostationary satellites, such as GOES-W, GOES-E, Himawari-8, and Meteosat-8, can produce multitemporal AOD products based on the same theory which resolves the land surface reflectance from the atmosphere reflectance (Sowden et al., 2018). However, the character of geostationary satellites that monitor the Earth with a constant view angle makes it possible to obtain dynamic aerosol information and surface reflectance at the same time. As a result, several AOD retrieval algorithms have been proposed. The GASP (GOES Aerosol/Smoke Product) retrieval algorithm for GOES-W and GOES-E enables the retrieval of AOD by comparing calculated and observed reflectance at multiple wavelengths (Zhang et al., 2013). There are different models over land and over ocean. In order to extract the impact of surface reflectance on the dynamic change of aerosols, Lee and Kim (2010) developed and applied an algorithm, the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), on the geostationary satellite Meteosat-8. GOCI can provide high temporal and spatial resolution AOD data by minimizing the surface reflectance in a short time series (Hagolle et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2014). Because GOES can’t observe the Asia Pacific area, the Himawari-8 geostationary satellite launched by Japan is used to provide AOD products to fill in the gap. Yang et al. (2018) used the inherited relationship of reflectance between MODIS and AHI, which is on board Himawari-8, to monitor AOD and their spectral response functions to aid in high frequency AOD retrieval. These combined results perform even better than MODIS data. The aerosol model is another challenge for geostationary satellite AOD retrieval. The complementary effect of geostationary and polar orbiting satellites opens a new era for AOD retrieval.