China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Operating a flight
Published in Peter J. Bruce, Yi Gao, John M. C. King, Airline Operations, 2018
In First Class the lavatories and in some cases showers and bathrooms provide luxury to the extreme. In contrast, the lavatories in the economy cabin are usually small and cramped. Compliments of US Department of Transport Law, all carriers flying into the US must now have lavatories that can accommodate a wheel chair, which has helped provide a little extra room in at least one lavatory. But in First, changing into those pyjamas then becomes easier. Shower time is generally limited. However, the ability for passengers in the First Class suites to take a shower during the flight is very welcomed. Chapter 20 spoke about operating a flight from the flight attendants’ perspective, but in some cases an airline also employs spa attendants who make sure that after each passenger the facility is immaculately maintained and all the skin and body treatments are refreshed and ready for use.
What are plumbing systems?
Published in Samuel L. Hurt, Building Systems in Interior Design, 2017
A lavatory is a bowl for flowing and/or holding domestic water that usually has an overflow drain and which is usually used for hand washing. The term lavatory is also used to refer to a restroom, toilet room, or even bathroom. Like water closets, but even more so, lavatories are available in a bewildering array of sizes, types, materials, colors, and finishes—from wood, to metal, to glass, ceramics, enameled cast iron, stone, and plastics. And in many different mounting styles: free-standing pedestal, hung on the wall (stainless or vitreous china, usually), on top of a counter, on top of a cabinet, on top of a frame, dropped into a surface (every imaginable material from stone to metal to plastic laminate and everything else), suspended under a surface (again, every material imaginable), and even integrated into a surface (molded stone, cultured marble, and solid surface materials, to name a few). They can be round, oval, rectangular, or square; shallow or deep, and even with multiple bowls. (Multiple bowls would usually be referred to as multiple lavatories.)
Cabin and customisation
Published in Paul Clark, Buying the Big Jets, 2017
Airlines will definitely look for a degree of flexibility in the location of their monuments. It is thus essential to be able to relocate galleys and toilets easily and rapidly in the event of a cabin reconfiguration. This could occur either when an aircraft is changing operators or perhaps when a seasonal configuration change is called for. Also, it is helpful, especially for long-haul operations, that galley areas can be turned into social areas during flight. Similarly, the conversion of a pair of lavatories into a single handicapped lavatory is sometimes desirable, and even mandated for twin-aisle aircraft flying to and within the United States.22
The lavatory lens: Tracking the global movement of pathogens via aircraft wastewater
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Aaron Bivins, Robert Morfino, Andrew Franklin, Stuart Simpson, Warish Ahmed
Among the primary challenges is that not all passengers onboard the aircraft will use the lavatory toilet. The likelihood of each passenger contributing a biological sample to the aircraft waste tanks depends entirely on the shedding pathway relevant to the pathogen. For fecal shedding, as is hypothesized to be the primary route of importance for SARS-CoV-2, the likelihood of passengers defecating in the onboard toilets during flight is a critical constraint. Self-report survey data indicate for short-haul flights this likelihood is low, while for long-haul flights it increases, but is still well below 50%. However, flights with just a single COVID-19 case emerging during quarantine had a 75% positivity rate via wastewater, which draws scrutiny to either the the fecal-centric shedding or to the likelihood of defecating among COVID-19 cases (Ahmed et al., 2022a). For pathogens likely to be shed in urine, the probability of an individual passenger contributing a sample on a long-haul flight may reach close to 100%. It is clear there is still great uncertainty around this fundamental element of aircraft wastewater surveillance and further investigation is warranted.
One-dimensional and three-dimensional computational thermal fluid hybrid analysis-aided air distribution pipeline system design
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2020
Most commercial aircraft use an air-cycle machine (ACM) as a source of cool air. The cooled air from the ACM is mixed with the high-temperature bleed air from the engine to adjust its temperature. Considering the fuel efficiency, a certain percentage of cabin air will be recycled to maintain enough fresh air for the cabin passengers. These three sources of air are conveyed into the mix manifold and mixed thoroughly, then supplied to the different compartments of the aircraft, including the cockpit, forward cabin, afterward cabin, galley, lavatory and individual gaspers, as shown in Figure 1. Separate main pipes are used to extract air from the mix manifold for each compartment, and the conditioned air drawn from the mixer is distributed to various locations in the aircraft compartments through branch pipes. Each independent pipeline from the mix manifold can be considered as a subsystem.
Impact of biometric and anthropometric characteristics of passengers on aircraft safety and performance
Published in Transport Reviews, 2018
Damien J. Melis, Jose M. Silva, Richard C.K. Yeun
Economic aspects affecting revenue and expenditure have not been explored in the literature, while other indirect costs have been overlooked, such as gate delays or seat wear and tear resulting from overweight passengers. Components directly exposed to the overloading imposed by heavier passengers, e.g. flooring panels and seat frames, or aircraft systems such as the air-conditioning or lavatory/waste systems may require greater frequency of maintenance.