China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Space System
Published in Ron Burch, Resilient Space Systems Design: An Introduction, 2019
Geostationary (or geosynchronous) Equatorial orbiting satellites are located at approximately 22,236 miles above the Earth in an arc around the equator and appear to be motionless over a specific spot on the Earth due to their 24-hour orbit that moves synchronously with the Earth's rotation. As a result, these satellites provide persistent coverage over their field of view. Three satellites equally spaced can provide good coverage from 65°N to 65°S latitudes over the entire globe. This is the most popular orbit due to the advantages for communications satellites which can see approximately one-third of the Earth from an orbital slot positioned at a point over the equator. Many weather monitoring satellites also favor the GEO orbit, such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), which provide most of the weather imagery for the continental United States.
Observational Network and Drought Monitoring
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity, 2017
The first meteorological satellite, TIROS-1, was launched by the United States on April 1, 1960. This weather satellite used vidicon cameras to scan wide areas of the Earth’s surface. Early satellite remote sensors used the digitally captured images and transmitted these to receiving stations on the Earth’s surface. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES) provided most of the remotely sensed weather information on the United States. Advanced sensors aboard the GOES produced a continuous data stream so that images could be viewed at any instance in the visible and infrared ranges. Infrared images can capture weather conditions during the night. Another sensor aboard the satellite can determine vertical temperature profiles, vertical moisture profiles, total perceptible water, and atmospheric stability.
Remote Sensing Technologies for Multiscale Hydrological Studies: Advances and Perspectives
Published in Prasad S. Thenkabail, Remote Sensing Handbook, 2015
Sadiq I. Khan, Ni-Bin Chang, Yang Hong, Xianwu Xue, Yu Zhang
In addition to GPM, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R) will be an important future program of the NOAA operations. The first launch of the GOES-R series satellite is scheduled for 2015. GOES-R mission will play a key role for weather monitoring, warning, and forecasting. The GOES-R satellites will consist of the following instrument: (1) The 16-channel Advanced Baseline Imager for viewing of Earth’s clouds, atmosphere, and surface, (2) the Geostationary Lightning Mapper for monitoring hemispheric lightning flashes, (3) the Extreme Ultraviolet and X–Ray Irradiance Sensors for measuring solar particles, (4) the Solar Ultraviolet Imager for imaging the Sun, and (5) the space environment monitoring suite that includes the Space Environment In-Situ Suite and magnetometer for monitoring Earth’s space environment and geomagnetic storms.
Satellite remote sensing of aerosol optical depth: advances, challenges, and perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Xiaoli Wei, Ni-Bin Chang, Kaixu Bai, Wei Gao
The GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) is a series of geostationary satellites owned and operated by the United States. The first satellite, GOES-1, was launched in 1975 and was applied as a weather satellite. The GOES series family has since grown to the third generation satellites, GOES-E and GOES-W, which were launched in 2016 and 2018, respectively, at the orbit of 75˚W and 135˚W positioned at 75.2 W longitude and the equator. The GOES-W satellite monitors North and South America as well as the Atlantic Ocean, while the GOES-E satellite monitors North America and the Pacific Ocean basin. As a member of the GOES series family, GOES-E improved the quality of spatial, temporal, and band spectral products with 2 km × 2 km spatial resolution in 15-minute intervals over 16 spectral bands, while GOES-W’s spatial resolution is 0.5 km (band 2), 1 km (band 1, 3, 5), 2 km (other bands) and its temporal resolution is 15 minutes. When compared with AERONET data, its correlation coefficient reaches 0.67-0.81 and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.06-0.07, which was determined by using the early generation hybrid AOD products of GOES-W (GOES-15) and GOES-E (GOES-13) (Zhang et al., 2011, Zhang, Hoff, Kondragunta, Laszlo, & Lyapustin, 2013). For GOES-E (GOES-16) AOD products, the bias is 0.029 over land and 0.012 over water when contrasted with AERONET data (https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/goesr/docs/ATBD/AOD.pdf.). The GOES-W (GOES-17) data are not detailed enough for the quality assessment (Greenwald et al., 2016). A number of other next-generation geostationary satellites have been developed and launched by different countries to provide data on different areas of the earth, including the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) (15 min, 3 km) (Fernandes et al., 2015) and Himawari-8/9 (10 min, 2 km) (Fernandes et al., 2015), as shown in Table 1. All of them have the capacity to provide hourly or sub-hourly monitoring of significant events.