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Human-Machine System Performance in Spaceflight: A Guide for Measurement
Published in Mustapha Mouloua, Peter A. Hancock, James Ferraro, Human Performance in Automated and Autonomous Systems, 2019
Kimberly Stowers, Shirley Sonesh, Chelsea Iwig, Eduardo Salas
Several types of tasks have been identified within the spaceflight context. In a developmental effort, Iwig and colleagues (Iwig et al., 2015) organized these into four categories (see Table 5.1). These can further be expanded to parse out robotic and habitat operations and also include training systems used to prepare for spaceflight. Thus, we further expand this list into six categories: Spacecraft navigation and ground vehicle navigationRobotic operations, including remote rover teleoperations, tethered robotic operations, and moreHabitat operations, including science/experimental (payloads), extravehicular activity (EVAs), life support/environmental, and system operationsTraining systems for spaceflight preparationSystem monitoring, including tracking information and detecting critical errorsMission planning and scheduling, including route planning and activity scheduling
The lunar module
Published in Jonathan Allday, Apollo in Perspective, 2019
During the first Extravehicular Activity (EVA) of the Apollo 17 mission, one of the astronaut's geological hammers caught in a back tyre fender and broke part of it off. Lunar dust has not been weathered smooth. As a result it is far more abrasive than its terrestrial equivalent – and more of a hazard when it contaminates suits, experiments and equipment. Dust kicked up by a rover without a fender presented a serious issue. Furthermore, the dark dust would absorb sunlight effectively and raise the temperatures of instruments, potentially to the failure point. While the two men slept on the Moon, mission control worked up a solution which involved taping together four maps from the astronauts’ kits and affixing them to the damaged fender using clamps from the optical alignment telescope on the LM (Figure 6.15).
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Models that accurately incorporate the transient whole-body behavior during thermoregulation for a wide range of states and environmental challenges may be quite useful in describing and predicting this important human physiological function. Moreover, such a model can be used as a design tool in the development of systems with which humans must interact for a variety of work, pathological, and recreational circumstances. The development of models of human thermoregulation has proved to be a daunting task that has been addressed by many researchers. The complexity of the coupling among physiological processes involved in thermoregulation and of the control algorithms has dictated that models that incorporate these multiple effects be solved numerically. Thus, the first realistic thermoregulation models appeared in the 1960s and 1970s from the studies of Wissler,34,83 Stolwijk,84,85 Mitchell et al.85,86 Hayward et al.,87,88 and Kuznetz.89 An important early application of modeling human thermoregulation was the design and development of active thermal control garments to be worn under the space suit during extravehicular activity.78,81,90,91 Over the years the Wissler model has been improved and updated on a continuous basis, and it is now applied to a very broad spectrum of human thermal control scenarios.35,92
Analysis of the relationship between hip joint flexion/extension and torques in the mark III space suit using a computational dynamics model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Patrick McKeen, Conor Cullinane, Richard Rhodes, Leia Stirling
Extravehicular activity (EVA) space suits (“space suits” or “suits”) have been used from the beginning of human spaceflight through the modern day to provide life support and protect the astronaut. The design of these critical tools and their constituent space suit assemblies (SSAs) has many aspects: spacesuit designs must consider the interaction of mass, volume, walking effort, mobility, agility, and suit fit (Abramov et al. 2001). Operators wearing earlier EVA suits have developed a variety of injuries in a range of locations, including the shoulder and hip, due to prolonged use, including erythema, abrasions, muscle soreness/fatigue, paresthesia, bruising, blanching, and edema (Scheuring et al. 2009; Opperman et al. 2010; Stirling et al. 2019). To address these difficulties, a good design should maximize human performance and efficiency, while preventing injury (Gernhardt et al. 2009).
Risk-based safety and mission assurance: Approach and experiences in practice
Published in Quality Engineering, 2018
Jesse Leitner, Bhanu Sood, Eric Isaac, Jack Shue, Nancy Lindsey, Jeannette Plante
A “common SMA sense” approach is to consider the risk of use-as-is only when returning the item to a compliant condition is not an option. Often we do not recognize that the action of returning an item to a compliant condition carries risk as well. It turns out that the only risk of leaving the capacitors alone (that have been functioning flawlessly beyond the system’s design lifetime, over 5 years) is that if one were to fail, power to payloads as well as telemetry to indicate status of the heaters would be temporarily lost. An astronaut extravehicular activity (EVA) would have to be planned and performed to replace the failed unit with the on-orbit spare. On the other hand, to prevent this risk, multiple risky and costly activities were planned and/or performed including: (1) temperature restrictions on payloads, as mentioned earlier, which would require many payloads to operate much longer than planned to meet science objectives, (2) requiring new payloads to add their own power supplies at much greater cost and adding new risks to individual payloads, and (3) planning and performing four separate EVAs to ultimately remove, repair, and replace all four of the avionics pallets proactively, even though any other component may fail in the system first.