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An overview of microclimate simulation tools and models for predicting outdoor thermal comfort
Published in Vincenzo Costanzo, Gianpiero Evola, Luigi Marletta, Urban Heat Stress and Mitigation Solutions, 2021
Maurizio Detommaso, Antonio Gagliano, Francesco Nocera
Era5-Heat is a database able to calculate Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) based on large-scale average values of climate variables. This data set is based on the ERA5 reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).
Spatio-temporal variation in sea state parameters along virtual ship route paths
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2022
The effect of waves and wind on design and operation of marine structures is undisputable, and over time a vast number of studies have addressed the resulting importance to collect metocean data. In the more recent years, global reanalyses resulting in ocean wave databases have become readily accessible to both researches and commercial applications in, for instance, ship performance evaluations, addressing fuel efficiency and environmental aspects as well as safety issues. One example of a global reanalysis is produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service funded by the EU (Copernicus Climate Change Service Information 2020). This particular reanalysis is managed by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and is made using their wave model ECWAM (ECMWF 2017). The outcome of the reanalysis is denoted by ERA5, as a short for ‘ECMWF ReAnalysis’ and referring to the fifth major reanalysis (Hersbach et al. 2020b). It is essential to mention that the ERA5 is produced by running atmospheric and ocean models in interaction, and obviously a relevant role is played by the wind forcing derived as the atmospheric component in the models' chain. That is, in order to have good wave data, good winds are mandatory. The point of this study is, however, not to discuss the absolute accuracy of the ERA5 database in a comparison with observations. As a result, the study contains no discussions about atmospheric conditions but focuses on the wave conditions alone.
Wind power resource assessment and wind-hydrogen generation potential: a case study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Rakesh Narayana Sarma, Vineeth Kumar, Suresh Lal S R, Minu Reghunath, Arya Jayan, Abhilash Suryan
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provides access to climate data and utilities to process that data. It can be used to develop user-driven applications (Buontempo et al. 2020). Within the C3S, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) presents ERA5 reanalysis, presenting a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards (2021). ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016 (Hersbach et al. 2020), and the ERA5 dataset presents hourly estimates of the various land, atmospheric, and oceanic climate variables. Data cover Earth on a 30 km grid and resolves its atmosphere using 137 levels up to an altitude of 80 km from the surface. ERA5 also presents uncertainties for all variables at reduced spatial and temporal resolutions (Website of ERA5 2021). As quoted by Gelaro et al. (Gelaro et al. 2017), ‘Reanalysis is the process whereby an unchanging data assimilation system is used to provide a consistent reprocessing of meteorological observations, typically spanning an extended segment of the historical data record.’
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2019
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Eva Aguiar, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Lotfi Aouf, Rosa Barciela, Arno Behrens, Maria Belmonte Rivas, Sana Ben Ismail, Abderrahim Bentamy, Mireno Borgini, Vittorio E. Brando, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Anouk Blauw, Philippe Bryère, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Ainhoa Caballero, Veli Çağlar Yumruktepe, Emma Cebrian, Jacopo Chiggiato, Emanuela Clementi, Lorenzo Corgnati, Marta de Alfonso, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Julie Deshayes, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Jean-Marie Dominici, Cécile Dupouy, Marie Drévillon, Vincent Echevin, Marieke Eleveld, Lisette Enserink, Marcos García Sotillo, Philippe Garnesson, Joaquim Garrabou, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Gerhard Gayer, Francis Gohin, Alessandro Grandi, Annalisa Griffa, Jérôme Gourrion, Stefan Hendricks, Céline Heuzé, Elisabeth Holland, Doroteaciro Iovino, Mélanie Juza, Diego Kurt Kersting, Silvija Kipson, Zafer Kizilkaya, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Heloise Lavigne, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Jean-François Legeais, Patrick Lehodey, Cristina Linares, Ye Liu, Julien Mader, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Ivan Manso-Narvarte, Carlo Mantovani, Stiig Markager, Evan Mason, Alexandre Mignot, Milena Menna, Maeva Monier, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Giulio Notarstefano, Oscar Ocaña, Ananda Pascual, Bernardo Patti, Mark R. Payne, Marion Peirache, Silvia Pardo, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Andrea Pisano, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Michalis Ravdas, Roshin P. Raj, Richard Renshaw, Emma Reyes, Robert Ricker, Anna Rubio, Michela Sammartino, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Katrin Schroeder, Jun She, Stefania Sparnocchia, Joanna Staneva, Ad Stoffelen, Tanguy Szekely, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintoré, Benoît Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Dimitry Van der Zande, Karina von Schuckmann, Richard Wood, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Mikel Zabala, Anna Zacharioudaki, Frédéric Zuberer, Hao Zuo
The scientific assessments developed in the Copernicus Marine Ocean State Report are based on a wide range of reprocessed in-situ and satellite observation data products and ocean reanalysis model products in seven ocean regions (Figure 1.1). A large fraction of these products are distributed via the Copernicus Marine Service web portal (http://marine.copernicus.eu/). In addition, products from the Copernicus Climate Change Service are used, in particular for climate-related studies such as sea level rise (i.e. a Global Climate Indicator as identified by WMO/GCOS, https://gcos.wmo.int/en/global-climate-indicators). Additional data products have been included in the Ocean State Report analyses aiming to strengthen the scope of the report, e.g. to take an Earth system perspective (i.e. the role of the ocean heat uptake in the Earth energy budget), to further investigate exchanges and processes with other components of the Earth system (e.g. air-sea exchanges), or to complement the analyses with biological data for impact studies on the marine ecosystem. All products used in each section are listed in a specific product table, which includes data source information and documentations (product manuals, quality assessment documents, and scientific publications).