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Airspace Systems Technologies
Published in Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy, Green Aviation: Reduction of Environmental Impact Through Aircraft Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2018
Area Navigation (RNAV) is a method of navigation that enables an aircraft to fly along a desired flight path within the coverage of the navigational aids or within the limits of the aircraft, or a combination of both. The safety along an RNAV route is ensured through a combination of aircraft navigation accuracy, route separation, and ATC radar monitoring and communications. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is RNAV operations with aircraft onboard equipment for performance monitoring and alerting. The PBN concept assumes that the navigation specification will be met through a combination of ground-based, satellite-based, and aircraft-based hardware and software. RNAV- and RNP-equipped aircraft can fly direct trajectories between points in the airspace, and RNAV and RNP specify the cross-track accuracy between the desired and actual trajectory of the aircraft. As shown in Figure\\ 7.7, an aircraft with RNP 2 capability will be able to follow the desired trajectory with a cross-track accuracy of 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) 95% of the time and within a lateral containment region of 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) all (99.999%) the time. PBN varies from RNP 10 to the 0.1-nautical-mile precision and the curved paths of the RNP 0.1 Authorization Required approaches. Table\\ 7.1 shows some of the commonly used performance and the functional requirements during the different phases of flight of an aircraft today.
Area navigation
Published in Mike Tooley, David Wyatt, Aircraft Communications and Navigation Systems, 2017
Simple area navigation systems can use radio navigation aid inputs such as VOR and DME to provide definitions of waypoints as described in this chapter. Comprehensive area navigation systems use a variety of sensors such as satellite and inertial reference systems; these specific systems are addressed in more detail in subsequent chapters. The accuracy and reliability of area navigation systems has led to a number of navigation performance standards and procedures for the aircraft industry; these are known as required navigation performance (RNP). Various RNAV systems, together with their associated RNP, are evolving via individual aviation authorities. This is embraced by the generic term of performance-based navigation (PBN). Factors that contribute to overall area navigation accuracy include:external navigation aidsthe aircraft’s navigation equipment(including displays)automatic flight control system (AFCS).
Technological Constraints
Published in Steven D. Jaffe, Airspace Closure and Civil Aviation, 2016
Another critical component of the plan involves the implementation of performance-based navigation (PBN). The current navigation infrastructure is comprised of ground-based navigation aids, which results in indirect routings resulting in wasted time and fuel. Area Navigation (RNAV) routes, independent of ground infrastructure, leverage the airplane's own navigational capabilities to create waypoints in the sky. These “virtual” routes will be established between FL290 and 460, and flown using the same operational procedures currently in place, resulting in more direct routings between the major cities and opening up additional airspace for new routes to handle the anticipated increase in traffic (ICAO, 2013).
Mastering Automation: New Airline Pilots’ Perspective
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Kassandra Kim Yoke Soo, Timothy J. Mavin, Yoriko Kikkawa
A more recent report by the Flight Deck Automation Working Group (Federal Aviation Administration, 2013) stated that there have been significant changes to the use of aircraft automation since its last review in the late 1990s. These changes include increased aircraft onboard capabilities for flight path management using (a) more capable flight management computer (FMC; sometimes referred to as flight management system (FMS); (b) more advanced navigation systems such as area navigation (RNAV), required navigation performance (RNP), and global positioning system (GPS); and (c) more advanced digital data presentation contained within the primary flight display (PFD), navigation display (ND), mode control panel (MCP), multi-function display (MFD), and control display unit (CDU) (see Figure 1). Pilots were required to adapt to such changes; however, this report highlighted that “current training methods, training devices, the time allotted for training, and content may not provide the flight crews with the knowledge, skills, and judgment to successfully manage flight path management systems” (Federal Aviation Administration, 2013, p. 4).