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Introduction
Published in Milan Janić, System Analysis and Modelling in Air Transport, 2021
The ATC/ATM (Air Traffic Control/Management) operates as the sub-system of the ANSP (Air Navigation Service Provider) system, which, as a public or private entity, provides Air Navigation Services. In general, an ANSP can provide the following services to its users-airline flights: ATM (Air Traffic Management), CNS (Communication Navigation and Surveillance), MET (Meteorological service for air navigation systems), SAR (Search and Rescue), and AIS/AIM (Aeronautical Information Services/Aeronautical Information Management). These services are provided to the aircraft during all flight phases – during taking-off, en-route, and landing (ICAO, 2016a). At present, 82 ANSP systems in the scope of 166 national CAA (Civil Aviation Authorities) operate in the world (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation_service_provider; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalaviationauthority#List_of_civil_aviation_authorities). Over time, they have provided a safe continuous increase in the number of flights worldwide, as shown in Figure 1.10.
“Challenges” for the Auditor during Audits
Published in Sasho Andonov, The Art of Safety Auditing, 2019
To prevent such cases, it is important for the Team Leader to think in advance! Thinking in advance means that while creating the Audit Schedule (before the On-Site Audit!), the Team Leader must provide excess time for each auditing areas. This could be especially important if the Audit Team is going for the first time to audit the company. In such a situation, the Audit Team is not aware of the company and they are not familiar with all the structure and organization inside the company. For example, when auditing Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) in aviation, auditor will visit at least one or a few sites where navigation or radar equipment is installed that are not in the aerodrome area. Usually they are outside, maybe on the top of a mountain and the auditor needs an SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) to reach it. In simple words, the Team Leader could not know how many times they will need to reach (or audit) particular areas.
The public order drone
Published in Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert, The Good Drone, 2016
In early 2015, a drone crashed on the White House Lawn; in February of that year, mysterious drones were detected flying over Paris at night (Chrisafis 2015). These events highlighted an issue that the drone industry had so far underplayed: while drones are touted as having endless potential to uphold public order, they also offer endless opportunities for criminal or terrorist activities – from stalking to industrial espionage, drug smuggling, airdrops to prison inmates, and terrorism. Moreover, even drones being used for lawful, legitimate purposes are inherently vulnerable: they can be hacked in order to steal, spoof, or destroy information; they can also be compelled to change their flight path. Drones can be used to embarrass or threaten individuals, and can be flown into controlled airspace, in violation of air navigation orders (Segar 2014). Finally, the misuse of drones poses a serious national security threat (Birmingham Policy Commission 2014).
Team Performance in Air Combat: A Teamwork Perspective
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Heikki Mansikka, Kai Virtanen, Don Harris, Juha Järvinen
A flight of four F-16C aircraft (call signs Mace 31–34) was flying an air combat training mission against two F-16C aircraft just after twilight. Whenever the separation between Mace 33 and Mace 34 was less than 3 nautical miles (nm), Mace 34 was tasked to maintain a tactical formation by visually observing Mace 33. When the separation exceeded 3 nm, Mace 34 was to maintain formation and to deconflict from Mace 33 by using an air-to-air Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) system and the aircraft’s fire control radar (FCR). As an additional deconfliction method, Mace 33 and Mace 34 were assigned sanctuary altitudes, separated by 1,000 feet. Mace 33 and Mace 34 had no datalink available. The datalink would have provided pilots with data such as information about the friendly aircraft locations.
Examining Minimum Information Requirements for Electronic Aeronautical Charts
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Michelle Yeh, Joseph Jaworski, Cathy Swider, Stephanie Chase
Aeronautical charting has evolved with changes in display mediums, display technology, expanded use of global positioning system (GPS), and increased processing capabilities. The term “aeronautical chart” refers to a map used to provide air navigation information for pilots, much like a road map for drivers. The aeronautical chart shows information such as navigation routes or airways, navigation aids, airspace boundaries, topographic features, and airports. The goal of the aeronautical chart is to show key features to pilots so they can navigate safely from one point to another, considering terrain, weather, and man-made obstacles, etc., so that pilots know what to expect even if they are unfamiliar with the airspace. Pilots fly with aeronautical charts; they usually use the chart to brief the procedure as part of flight planning and may then put the chart away until they need to execute the procedure.
An exploratory study on the effects of human, technical and operating factors on aviation safety
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2019
Joyce M. W. Low, Kum Khiong Yang
Air Navigation Service scores are computed based on the availability of flight information centers and air traffic control units within States that provide air traffic services (or information) to aircrafts operating in accordance with instrument flight rules (IFR) within their controlled airspace. The provided information includes significant meteorological (SIGMET) information, weather conditions at departure, destination and alternate aerodromes, changes in the serviceability of navigation aids, aerodromes and associated facilities, and any other information related to collision hazards. This information is important to minimize collision risks between aircrafts when they are taxiing, maneuvering, taking off, landing, en-routing to different destinations, or in a holding pattern at a destination aerodrome. Meanwhile, the air traffic control unit established in a State plays an essential role to provide clearance and information on the longitudinal, vertical, or lateral separation between arriving and departing aircrafts, to expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic, and to provide advice and information for the safe and efficient conduct of flights and alerting services for aircrafts in distress. In particular, contingency planning is important in all air traffic control units as it contains concise guidance to assist the air traffic control units to maintain safe and orderly flow of international air traffic in the event of disruptions of air traffic services and related supporting services.