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Aircraft
Published in Suzanne K. Kearns, Fundamentals of International Aviation, 2021
Professionals entering the aviation industry (even those who may not be directly involved in operating aircraft) should have a basic understanding of how aircraft fly, including the structures that allow them to be controlled while airborne and their means of producing power. The following section introduces aerodynamics by describing wing design and an aeroplane’s control surfaces; however, many variations exist with more complicated wing designs and methods of controlling flight (such as for rotary-wing aircraft). For a more detailed exploration of aerodynamics, readers are encouraged to seek out one of the many excellent aerospace engineering texts on the topic.
Commercial Aircraft
Published in Scott Jackson, Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft, 2020
For supersonic transports, key advanced technology applications include synthetic vision, sidestick control, advanced lightweight materials, mixed flow turbofan engines, negative static margin, mixed compression inlets, arrow wing for supersonic cruise efficiency, FBL and PBW flight controls, and auto control in pitch. Technology requirements for advanced supersonic aircraft are discussed by Aerospace Engineering (1994) and Kehlet (1995).
Rail Vehicle Aerodynamics
Published in Simon Iwnicki, Maksym Spiryagin, Colin Cole, Tim McSweeney, Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics, 2019
Various aerodynamic problems arise from objects travelling in atmosphere environments with high speed. During the investigation of these problems, the subject of aerodynamics is established from fluid mechanics, which possesses strong engineering applicability. In the early stage, the rapid development of aerodynamics was driven by aerospace engineering. However, aircraft-based aerodynamics is not able to satisfy the requirements of other fields. Unlike automobiles or aircraft, rail vehicles are long and large objects that travel on ground at high speed. The aerodynamic issues arising from the operation of rail vehicles are unique and need to be investigated and solved specifically, such as the pressure impact induced by the crossing of two rail vehicles, the pressure fluctuation caused by vehicles operating through tunnels, as well as the influence of wind on vehicle operation in the open environment. The aerodynamic effects induced by rail vehicle operation become more prominent with the increase of operating speed [2]. Thus, the potential for ongoing increase of the operating speed of rail vehicles relies on the development of rail vehicle aerodynamics.
Response surface analysis of nozzle parameters at supersonic flow through microjets
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Turki Al-Khalifah, Abdul Aabid, Sher Afghan Khan, Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami, Muneer Baig
The sudden expansion in high-speed aerodynamics flows plays a significant role in dealing with external ballistics in supersonic aerospace vehicles and aerospace engineering applications. The sudden growth in the area results in two zones: the main and the other in the wake region. In an abrupt expansion after partition, the flow gets attached to the duct wall, and later towards the trailing edge again, the shear layer is formed (Figure 1). The pressure in the wake area is usually sub-atmospheric. It is found that the drag force due to the flow separation contributes significantly, and it may be around two-thirds of the aerodynamic vehicles’ overall drag force while scanning the literature. It is found that because of the presence of the positive pressure ratio, which generally occurs wherever there is a sudden expansion flow field, a flow reversal may occur downstream due to the growth of the boundary layer. Due to the positive pressure gradient, the base pressure may be increased by this reverse flow. This reverse flow will interfere with the vortex in the wake area, and the reverse flow will disturb the vortex. This phenomenon will result in an additional mass being expelled from the base region and redirected into the main flow.
Integrating physiological monitoring systems in military aviation: a brief narrative review of its importance, opportunities, and risks
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
David M. Shaw, John W. Harrell
Military pilots risk their lives to meet training and operational demands whilst flying aircraft that may stress them to their physiological limits. The physiological extremes of military aviation demand the integration of LSSs, yet even these systems can fail to meet demand. This uncoupling of advances in aerospace engineering and the understanding of how it affects the human piloting the aircraft clearly requires urgent addressing. Whilst the issue has been recently placed under the spotlight, the extent to which efforts are made to prevent PEs will assumedly be balanced with ensuring immediate capability is not compromised. Laboratory research also does not provide a true representation of the physical, psychological, and environmental stress pilots must endure in the real world. The data from these studies can only be considered preliminary and must be built upon in real-world settings or simulated environments. Moreover, some research assessing isolated or combinations of physiological extremes could have ethical challenges, particularly if requiring invasive procedures. In these cases, rodent or animal models could facilitate our initial understanding, as demonstrated in G-force research (Nishida et al. 2016).
Numerical Solving of Radiation Geometrical Inverse Problem
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2023
Aleksey V. Nenarokomov, Evgeniy V. Chebakov, Dmitry L. Reviznikov, Irina V. Krainova
Since increasing the reliability of a spacecraft can extend its lifetime, it is still a critical task in aerospace engineering [2]. In order to achieve this goal, we can use reliable back-up attitude determination systems. A promising way to develop such systems is based on temperature measurements of the spacecraft’s surface elements, which heat fluxes from Sun and a planet are incident on. This idea was first described in [3]. The approach was implemented on the microsatellite “Colibri”, which used a gravity-gradient boom as a main attitude system [4]. Since such system has two stable equilibriums, it was oriented in a wrong attitude position, which was detected by temperature field analysis of spacecraft’s surface. The method involves thermal sensors which have a simple design, low mass, and radiation resistance. Such system does not consume much power and can be used in orbit during sunlight and umbra. Moreover, it can be applied in interplanetary flight.