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Fluorine Free Foams
Published in David M. Kempisty, LeeAnn Racz, Forever Chemicals, 2021
Ian Ross, Peter Storch, Ted Schaefer, Niall Ramsden
In 1985, one military aviation training school looked to resolve a problem restarting fires due to the amount of AFFF that remained on the surface of the fuel in the training ground, making it difficult to have more than two training sessions in a day. The productivity of the training college had dropped significantly. Most of the day was spent trying to re-ignite the test pans to allow more training sessions; however, the high usage of AFFF left significant residue in the sediment of the pan. The organization sought assistance in a new product designed for training Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) personnel. Dilution of the AFFF to half the concentration was previously tried; however, the burnback resistance of the AFFF continued to remain, as the residual fluorosurfactants would remain as they had accumulated in the soil and water of the training area.
Hazmat Team Spotlight
Published in Robert A. Burke, Hazmat Team Spotlight, 2020
Houston, Texas, is the 4th largest city in the United States covering 654 miles2 with a population of 2,340,890 in 2020, which swells to over 4.2 million during the daytime. Houston’s Fire Department is the third largest in the United States. Samuel Pena is the fire chief leading 3,900 uniformed personnel, including 21 District Chiefs, 10 emergency medical service (EMS) Supervisors, 2 Shift Commanders, and 3 Safety Officers. They operate with 87 engine companies, 32 truck companies, 3 Tower Ladders, 11 booster trucks (for small fires, brush, trash, etc.), 36 medic units, 56 ambulances, 2 hazmat units, 1 Hazmat Foam Engine, 3 technical rescue units, 3 air cascades, and a rehab truck. Aircraft fire rescue equipment is located at Houston’s George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) and William P. Hobby Airport (HOU). These include ARFF Crash Trucks, 4 ARFF Trucks, 2 ARFF Medic Units, 2 ARFF Rapid Intervention Units, 1 Triage Vehicle and 2 ARFF Triage Trailers. The department is organized into 21 districts with 93 fire stations and several new ones in various stages of funding, planning, construction, and development. Houston personnel responded to over 347,662 alarms in 2019 including 45,482 fires and 302,180 EMS calls.
Spaceport Business and Financial Management
Published in Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell, An Introduction to the Spaceport Industry, 2020
Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell
Space Florida signed a 30-year property agreement with NASA and became the new operator of the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at KSC in 2015 (Schmidt 2015). Space Florida has since renamed the SLF as the Launch and Landing Facility (LLF). The LLF has a 15,000 foot high friction concrete runway (15/33) with 1,000 foot paved overruns at both ends, an air traffic control tower, on-site Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) Class D fire and emergency response services, and has access to restricted airspace. The FAA issued the launch site operating license in November 2018 in order for Space Florida to fully operate the LLF, which gives CCS the ability to accommodate horizontal launches and landings. LLF covers 500 acres of land and has been adapted to accommodate different types of vehicles. Tenants and customers of LLF include Starfighters, Lockheed Martin, ULA, and various automotive businesses. According to Space Florida, the LLF is “ideal for horizontal flights, suborbital flight training and research, weightless flights, and aviation and aerodynamic flight testing” (https://www.spaceflorida.gov/facilities/llf/). Space Florida’s LLF area development plan includes multiple hangars with offices and shops, passenger processing/training and operations facility, assembly, processing and manufacturing facility, and propellant and fueling facilities.
Developing an anisotropic material for Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) usage
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Elvis A. Castillo-Camarena, Ernie Heymsfield
The FAA requires EMAS materials to be consistent in strength, durability, and sufficiently strong to enable aircraft control during an overrun event (FAA 2012). Aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) equipment and maintenance vehicles must be able to travel on the EMAS bed without generating significant material deformation. An EMAS consists of a crushable material bed located at the end of a runway within the runway safety area. The EMAS is positioned on top of the runway pavement surface. An aircraft enters an EMAS during an overrun event when it is unable to completely stop within the setback length from the runway threshold. An EMAS is a passive system, no external supply energy is required to operate the EMAS system. As the aircraft moves through the EMAS, an interface develops between the penetrating aircraft tires and the uncrushed EMAS material. Vertical material force at the EMAS-tire interface supports the aircraft weight, and the horizontal material force, drag force, at the EMAS-tire interface decelerates the aircraft. The FAA specifies EMAS design and installation requirements in Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5220-22B (FAA 2012). AC 150/5220-22B defines an EMAS as ‘high energy absorbing materials of selected strength, which will reliably and predictably deform under the weight of an aircraft’. The EMAS design life is assumed to be 20 years.