Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy
Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
Women with cervical ectopic pregnancies will present with a range of different symptoms; however, most commonly, they will complain of vaginal bleeding that is usually painless [1, 2, 11]. If pain is accompanied with this diagnosis, patients will generally complain of abdominal or pelvic pain secondary to the cervical dilatation and hourglass stretching association. Given the close proximity to the urinary bladder, patients may also complain of urinary symptoms, including frequency and urgency [11]. Rarely, they may also have much more concerning findings consisting of hypotension and shock if the cervix ruptures from the expanding pregnancy [1, 2, 11]. Most often, this is an incidental finding on early viability scan and often appears larger and presents later than a tubal ectopic pregnancy [11].
The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The urinary bladder is a distensible, muscular sacm the pelvis. When empty, the bladder's walls collapse; as it fills, it expands upward. Covered at the top by peritoneum, the bladder is separated from the rectum posteriorly by the rectovesical pouch in the male and from the uterus by the vesicouterine pouch in the female. The internal floor of the bladder forms a smooth triangular area known as the urethral trigone (trigonon is Greek for "triangle"). At the posterolateral angles of the trigone, the ureters enter at the uretic orifices; at the front angle is the internal urethral orifice through which the urethra leaves the bladder. The detrusor uniae muscles, the muscles of the bladder, stretch when the bladder fills and contract in response to relaxation of the urethral sphincter to empty the contents.
Management of deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) causing gynecological morbidity: A urologist's perspective
Seema Chopra in Endometriosis, 2020
Due to common symptomatology, BE mimics other common urological conditions such as bacterial cystitis, tubercular cystitis, overactive bladder, carcinoma bladder, and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Studies have shown a coexistence (16%–78%) of bladder endometriosis and interstitial cystitis, given the term “evil twin syndrome” by Chung et al. [25,26]. Physical examination including a vaginal examination is the first step in making the diagnosis of DIE and BE [6,7]. Physical findings include a palpable nodule, a thickening along the anterior vaginal wall with tender points [6–8]. In women in the reproductive age group complaining of LUTS, particularly in combination with pain and positive findings on vaginal examination, endometriosis should be strongly suspected and further investigations should be done.
Advances in the management of radiation-induced cystitis in patients with pelvic malignancies
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Yimin Wang, Yan Zhu, Xiaoting Xu
For pelvic radiotherapy complications, gastrointestinal and urologic toxicity is most observed during clinical practice and research. Modern radiobiology has suggested that the radiosensitivity of tissue is not correlated with mitotic rate. Besides, highly proliferative tissues (e.g. bladder mucosa) tend to show their damage quickly in developing into acute reactions. Histologically, the bladder wall is divided into four layers, which from adjacent to the lumen to deeper tissues are urothelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and detrusor muscle. When ionizing radiation reaches the bladder, the transitional epithelium comprising rapidly dividing cells shows damage first with cells dying through miotic catastrophe (Joiner and Van der Kogel 2018). At a later stage, inflammation in the smooth muscle layer shows edema, followed by cell destruction, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition (Smit and Heyns 2010). The major cause of this result is radiation-induced prostaglandin metabolism, and the metabolic alterations cause changes in the tone of the bladder wall (Joiner and Van der Kogel 2018). Acute or subacute radiation cystitis happens during or up to 6 months after being irradiated. When patients develop the acute phase of radiation cystitis, their symptoms include frequent micturition, urgent urination, dysuria or nocturia, and hematuria (Helissey et al. 2020). Most mild reactions usually self-resolve after 4–6 weeks and rarely last longer than 3 months. In other words, acute RC tends to be self-limiting.
Comprehensive overview of the venous disorder known as pelvic congestion syndrome
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Kamil Bałabuszek, Michał Toborek, Radosław Pietura
Because the pelvic veins form a network around the organs and many connections are present between the veins draining different pelvic regions patients with PVI often present with atypical varicose veins of the upper inner and back thigh of the lower limb and vulvovaginal, glutaeal, suprapubic perineal varices [19] (Figures 3 and 4). The prevalence of vulvar varices in patients with PCS is as high as 24–40% [51,52] (Figure 3). When the pelvic inflow is not treated, the varicose veins managed surgically often return [19]. In up to 80% of patients with pelvic venous dilatation different degrees of associated lower limb venous insufficiency can be observed [53,54]. The frequency of reporting leg symptoms such as pain, edoema, heaviness increases with age [50]. PCS is also suspected as a cause of venous leg ulcers and infertility [55,56]. In the course of the PCS, urinary symptoms may occur due to perivesical varicosities such as bladder irritability and urgency or dysuria. PCS can also mimic mons pubis abscess or osteoarthritis of the hip [57,58]. Other manifestations of PCS may also include headache, dysmenorrhoea, lumbosacral neuropathy, leg heaviness, rectal discomfort, swollen vulva, vaginal discharge, persistent genital arousal and non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and nausea [10,12,14,26,39,49].
Development, evaluation, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution estimation of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for prostate cancer targeting
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Alok Nath Sharma, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
When cells in the body begin to grow out of control, called as cancer. Cancer cells can develop in practically any part of the body and spread to other parts of the body. When cells in the prostate gland begin to grow out of control, prostate cancer develops. The prostate gland is only found in men. It produces some of the fluid found in sperm (Ostrom et al.2014). The prostate is located beneath the bladder (a hollow organ that stores urine) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the intestines). Seminal vesicles, located just behind the prostate, produce the majority of the fluid for semen. The urethra, the tube that transports urine and sperm out of the body through the penis, runs through the prostate’s core. Older males and non-Hispanic Black men are more prone to acquire prostate cancer. Men aged 65 and up account for about 6 out of every 10 instances. It is a diverse disease, with incidence rates ranging from 6.3 to 83.4 per 100,000 individuals around the world (Wang et al.2012).