Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Kidneys and Ureters
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Urine is formed through reabsorption of water and salts and the secretion of waste products.Blood passes into the glomerulus (an extension of the renal capillaries) and into the Bowman’s capsule.The high permeability of the glomerulus is achieved through:Fenestration of the negatively-charged capillary endothelial layer.Filtration slits in the glomerulus.Passive ultrafiltration of plasma across the semipermeable membrane into the proximal tubule creates urine.Fine-tuning of urine occurs in the LOH, distal tubule, CD, and renal pelvis.
The patient with acute renal problems
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Specific gravity is the estimated level of solutes in the urine and the normal range is between 1.016 and 1.022; the greater the solute concentration in relation to water, the greater the specific gravity. To illustrate this, during dehydration, the reading might be high, for example 1.030, owing to reduced levels of water in the blood in comparison to solutes. Urea constitutes the bulk of the solute in urine and this, together with other substances produced by protein catabolism, such as uric acid, urea and creatinine, form the nitrogenous waste products. There are also a number of electrolytes present, such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulphate. In health, the amounts of these substances will vary slightly with diet. Hormones can also sometimes be found in urine (if levels of these substances are high in the blood) and Toxins, such as bacteria, may also be present in the event of ill health (Tortora et al. 2017).
Bamboo Shoots as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht in Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Kidney functions in all the experimental groups were monitored by analyzing the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are commonly measured to determine kidney health. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. It passes into the bloodstream and is usually passed out in the urine. Urea is also a waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins and passed out in the urine. BUN tests measure the amount of nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is a breakdown product of protein. Generally, a high blood level of creatinine, urea and BUN indicate that the kidneys may not be working properly. In a study carried out by Bajwa et al (2017), the nonsignificant increase was observed in the level of serum creatinine, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen as compared to the control group (Table 8.11). This might be due to the presence of high-protein content in juvenile bamboo shoots. It has been reported that a high-protein diet is associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine, urea, urinary calcium excretion and serum concentrations of uric acid.
Clinical, biochemical and molecular spectrum of mild 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency and a case report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
Boyan Song, Zhijun Ma, Wei Liu, Lihong Lu, Yongjian Jian, Lu Yu, Zhihui Wan, Xiaofei Yue, Yuanyuan Kong
The patient is a female infant, delivered vaginally after 40 weeks of pregnancy, with a birth weight of 3430 g and a body length of 51 cm. The neonatal screening showed that the patient’s blood phenylalanine level was 221.6 µmol/L (reference range: 30–117 µmol/L). At day 21 after birth, she was admitted to our hospital. The phenylalanine level in blood was 859.6 µmol/L. No manifestations, such as skin whitening and yellowing, poor appetite, sucking weakness, dysphagia, decreased responsiveness, weakness, somnolence or convulsions were detected. No specific odor was found in urine. Moreover, jaundice, rash, and bleeding spots were not observed on the skin. No unusual facies and no yellow hair were observed. The anterior fontanel was flat and soft, and the tension was not high. Because getting results of urine pterin spectrum analysis and dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) analysis for further diagnosis need several days, a low phenylalanine diet was administered.
Optimization of the extraction conditions and dermal toxicity of oil body fused with acidic fibroblast growth factor (OLAF)
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2021
Yongxin Guo, Yaying Li, Qian Wu, Xinxin Lan, Guodong Chu, Weidong Qiang, Muhammad Noman, Tingting Gao, Jinnan Guo, Long Han, Jing Yang, Xiaokun Li, Linna Du
The effects of OLAF on food intake and water consumption by all animals within 24 h were also studied (Figure 5(B,C)). The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of food intake and water consumption during the period of administration (p > 0.05). In addition, fresh urine was collected from the rats and observed. All the urine samples collected were normal, clear yellow or light yellow liquid. Similarly, no loose stool or watery stool was observed. No difference in daily excretion of the treatment groups was noted in comparison with that of the control group (Figure 5(D); p > 0.05). By observing the clinical signs of all the animals every day, it was found that OLAF had no adverse effects on the central nervous system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system or gastrointestinal system.
The Validity of Urine Color as a Hydration Biomarker within the General Adult Population and Athletes: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Samantha B. Kostelnik, Kevin P. Davy, Valisa E. Hedrick, D. Travis Thomas, Brenda M. Davy
Three investigations that compared urine color to another biomarker utilized different statistical methods such as the AIC Criterion and sensitivity/specificity (18,29,34). Findings from these studies indicated that urine color is a valid hydration status assessment method, although there are limitations to using urine color as a sole hydration indicator (29,30). A variety of factors can influence urine color—these include acute changes in body mass (38,39), certain foods, medications and dietary supplements (40), time of day (16), environmental conditions (4,16) and menstrual cycle phase (15,21). Previous research has demonstrated strong associations between urine color, USG, and Uosm, and concluded that these methods may all be used to determine hydration status under normal conditions. However, due to their ease of administration within real-world settings, USG and urine color are likely the most feasible (41).