Generation of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach
Pandit B. Vidyasagar, Sagar S. Jagtap, Omprakash Yemul in Radiation in Medicine and Biology, 2017
There are different ways of cancer treatment. The mostly used cancer treatments are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery is a procedure in which a doctor with special training, called a surgeon, removes cancer from the patient’s body. In radiation therapy, high radiation doses are used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At high doses, radiation kills cancer cells or slows their growth. While in chemotherapy, drugs are usually used to kill cancer cells. Most patients have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Radiation may be given before, during, or after surgery. The aim of radiation therapy to use before surgery is to shrink the size of the cancer. It may be used during surgery, so that it goes straight to the cancer without passing through the skin. Radiation therapy used this way is called intraoperative radiation. Sometimes radiation therapy is used after surgery, to kill any cancer cells that may remain or left in the surgical part of the body [7].
Prostate Cancer
Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin in Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
For early-stage disease, or tumors that are confined to the prostate, treatment options most common are surgery (radical prostatectomy), radiation therapy, or active surveillance. The radical prostatectomy is the gold standard of treatment, which all other forms of treatment are compared to. Like any major surgery, there is a risk of infection, bleeding, heart problems, and even death. Removal of the prostate also carries with it the risk of impotence and urinary incontinence [2]. Radiation includes targeting the tumor with external-beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy, the practice of implanting radioactive seeds directly into the tumor [4]. Active surveillance is choosing to delay treatment until it is evident that the cancer may be growing or changing. This is a viable option for men with early-stage disease since the cancer may grow so slowly that it may not cause problems within a man’s lifetime. In this way, men are able to avoid treatment costs and complications. Prostate cancer patients are considered to be at low nutrition risk. They infrequently present with nutritional compromise and their treatment causes minimal nutrition-impact symptoms.
The Active Middle Ear Implant Vibrant Soundbridge: Outcomes on Safety, Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Subjective Benefit 1996–2017
Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm in Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
The implant procedure is standard for experienced ENT surgeons and has already been undertaken in several hundred clinics around the world. During the surgery, the VORP 503 is implanted under the skin behind the ear. The surgery is made under general or local anesthesia and takes approximately two hours. With the VORP’s new design, the wings allow the implant to be securely fixed into the mastoid bone using self-drilling screws and the single-use screwdriver, which are supplied in the implant kit. This reduces the amount of drilling needed when creating a bone-bed for the demodulator and also eliminates the need to use sutures for fixation. The new range of Couplers is supplied with a holding frame and retainer which ensure a smart and precise way of creating an FMT and Coupler assembly. There is no longer the need to use forming forceps for crimping the FMT during surgery as the new assemblies are simply pushed on to the chosen middle ear structure. Depending on the individual case, the VORP 503 can be used with any Vibroplasty Coupler.
Peripheral nerve stimulation: black, white and shades of grey
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Viraat Harsh, Parijat Mishra, Preeti K Gond, Anil Kumar
Complication rates in PNS vary from 5% in some cases to 43% in others41. Common complications include discomfort from the IPG, lead breakage, electrode migration, erosion of components, disconnection of extension cables, foreign body reaction to components, placement of IPG in wrong compartments and nerve injury among others. Others include shifting of generator position, equipment failure, mainly due to electrical leak or stress fracture, undesirable stimulation of the implant can lead to pain at the site. Skin irritation and erosion can also occur25. The most common complications and their prevention are mentioned in Table 2. Complications associated with every surgery like risks of anaesthesia, bleeding and wound dehiscence among others are also present. All these complications may decrease when instruments are designed specifically to be used for PNS surgeries, instead of those available now, which are meant for SCS surgeries42.
Macrophage infiltration promotes regrowth in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma after chemotherapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Anders Valind, Bronte Manouk Verhoeven, Jens Enoksson, Jenny Karlsson, Gustav Christensson, Adriana Mañas, Kristina Aaltonen, Caroline Jansson, Daniel Bexell, Ninib Baryawno, David Gisselsson, Catharina Hagerling
Once high-risk neuroblastoma patients complete the rapid-COJEC therapy regimen, they undergo surgery to achieve complete removal of any remaining primary tumor. The time from completed treatment to surgery is typically a couple of weeks to allow recuperation. We hypothesized that, during the interval between chemotherapy and surgery, surviving tumor cells could proliferate in cooperation with macrophages. To explore whether inhibition of macrophage recruitment could prevent tumor regrowth we used an in vivo neuroblastoma PDX–COJEC model and anti-CSF1R, inhibiting the recruitment of macrophages.36 Dissociated organoids from the PDX#3 model were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected into the flank of nude mice (Figure 5a).39 COJEC treatment was administered for three weeks. After chemotherapy, the tumors were allowed to regrow for three weeks without or with intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with anti-CSF1R, inhibiting the recruitment of macrophages.40,41 All PDX tumors treated with COJEC shrank during the treatment period and started to regrow once the treatment ended. Importantly, the anti-CSF1R treatment, which impaired macrophage infiltration (Figure 5d,e and Supplementary Fig 5a-c), prevented the regrowth of the tumors (Figure 5b,c). In line with the abovementioned data, the POST tumors in this experiment had increased expression of CCL2 than the untreated tumors (Figure 5f).
Postoperative Cataract Endophthalmitis Masquerading as Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis (HORV): A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Ethan Greenberg, Connor Dedeker, H Joshua Olson, R. Sandra Montezuma
Acute bacterial endophthalmitis following cataract surgery is a feared complication for ophthalmic surgeons. Typically, patients present between 1 day to 6 weeks, with a mean of 9 days following surgery.1 Common clinical findings include decreased visual acuity, new onset floaters, photophobia, and ocular inflammation, with or without hypopyon. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus is the primary organism isolated from cultures, but Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcal spp., and other gram-negative species and fungal sources are not uncommon.1 Treatment is guided towards broad-spectrum intravitreal antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. Immediate vitrectomy with bacterial, fungal, and viral cultures is the standard of care when vision is light perception.2,3
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