Sleep
Roslyn Rogers, Anita Unruh in Managing Persistent Pain in Adolescents, 2017
Two states of sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (sometimes described as deep sleep) and non-REM, involve two distinct neural pathways. REM sleep is characterised by deep muscle relaxation with almost complete atonia in the muscles, high cortical function associated with dreaming and bursts of rapid eye movement. Non-REM sleep is characterised by relatively low brain activity and some body movements. Non-REM sleep has four separate stages. Continuity, timing and patterning of the different stages, including transition from REM to non-REM, are necessary for restorative sleep. Night waking results in increased secretion of cortisol, the hormone associated with increased stress, while sleep onset is associated with suppression of cortisol release.19 An adolescent with pain, waking several times a night, will be interrupting this process and will report fatigue and mood changes.
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Non-REM sleep is one of the two basic states of SLEEP. The other is REM SLEEP. Non- REM sleep represents the larger portion of total sleep, except in NEONATES. It is characterized by large slow waves in the cortical EEG, absence of movements, elevated sensory thresholds, and decreased autonomic activity. Non-REM sleep is classified into four stages according to the pattern of the EEG, in particular, the amount of slow waves and SLEEP SPINDLES. (Some authors use the term non-REM sleep to refer to all of these stages, reserving the term SLOW WAVE SLEEP for stages 3 and 4, the deepest stages of sleep. Others use the terms non-REM sleep and slow wave sleep as synonyms, each referring to all four stages.) Non-REM sleep is controlled by both FOREBRAIN and MEDULLA, as well as humoural factors. The function of non-REM sleep is thought to be the restoration of bodily functions.
The management of common mental health concerns in primary care
Julie M Schirmer MSW, Alain J Montegut MD, Stephen J Spann MD, Gabriel Ivbijaro MD, Alfred Loh MD in Behavioral Medicine in Primary Care, 2017
The causes of sleep disorders, including insomnia, include medical and psychiatric etiologies (seeTable 7.1). The clinical history is the best tool for gathering information about patterns of sleep and differentiating between possible diagnoses.22 Special attention must be given to inquiring about other medications, repetitive behavioral patterns that may condition sleep responses, and medical conditions that may be underlying causes of insomnia, especially respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. The use of stimulants such as nicotine, caffeine, cocaine and amphetamines contributes to sleep disorder, as does the use of alcohol, and the sleep disturbances may well persist after the offending substance has been stopped. Patients with sleep disorders frequently present to their primary care physicians with comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions that complicate the diagnostic process. A biopsychosocial approach to the assessment of both dimensions is recommended.
Polysomnographic and psychometric correlates of napping in primary insomnia patients
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2020
Marianna Mazza, Leonardo Lapenta, Anna Losurdo, Giuseppe Marano, Elisa Testani, Luigi Janiri, Salvatore Mazza, Giacomo Della Marca
Sleep is important for cognitive and psychological processes and is essential for life. Insomnia is a common clinical condition characterized by difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, early awakening or non-restorative sleep, accompanied by symptoms such as irritability or fatigue during wakefulness with increased complaints of daytime sleepiness and resultant unintentional and intentional naps [1]. Insomnia is a complex disturbance involving both neurobiological and psychological aspects and deserves wide clinical attention because it has a high impact on daily functioning. People with insomnia can feel dissatisfied with their sleep and usually experience fatigue, low energy, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and decreased performance in work or at school. Besides, insomnia is a prevalent problem across different categories of mental disorders, even in the remitted phase [2] and has been related to an unfavorable course in patients with depressive syndromes [3].
The influences of sleep duration, chronotype, and nightwork on the ovarian cycle
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Kara A. Michels, Pauline Mendola, Karen C. Schliep, Edwina H. Yeung, Aijun Ye, Galit L. Dunietz, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Keewan Kim, Joshua R. Freeman, Enrique F. Schisterman, Sunni L. Mumford
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the Sleep Research Society, and the National Sleep Foundation recommend that adults sleep at least 7 hours per night on a regular basis (Hirshkowitz et al. 2015; Watson et al. 2015). However, data from large surveys indicate that as many as a third of women in the United States report sleeping less than 6 to 7 hours in a typical 24 hour period (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008, 2011). In a recent meta-analysis, short sleep duration was associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases (Itani et al. 2016). Scientific reviews highlight the potential for sleep disorders or changes in sleep duration and timing to alter aspects of reproductive health such as fertility (Kloss et al. 2015), but biologic mechanisms are unclear. The circadian system is known to influence cholesterol synthesis pathways, which precede sex steroid hormone production (Panda 2016; Urlep and Rozman 2013). The suprachiasmatic nucleus, which governs circadian rhythmicity, has sex steroid hormone receptors; both animal and human studies indicate that feedback mechanisms between circadian rhythms, these hormones, and gonadotropins exist (reviewed in Lord et al. 2014; Mong et al. 2011; Rossmanith 1998). Furthermore, light exposure and changes in melatonin levels are thought to influence risk for menstrual cycle disorders; melatonin may help regulate oxidative stress within the ovary and melatonin receptors help control the release of gonadotropins (Barron 2007; Reiter et al. 2014, 2009).
Factors Influencing Mothers’ Quality of Sleep during Their Infants’ NICU Hospitalization
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Valérie Lebel, Nancy Feeley, Stephanie Robins, Robyn Stremler
Mothers commonly experience sleep disturbances and sleep deprivation when their newborn infant is hospitalized in a NICU (Haddad et al., 2019). Actigraphy data indicate an average total sleep time of 6.3 hours per night, more sleep interruptions, and increased time to fall asleep while in their own homes for these mothers (Lee & Hsu, 2012). This sleep duration is insufficient as experts often recommend between seven to eight hours of sleep per night for adults (National Sleep Foundation, 2015). Additionally, studies using validated sleep quality questionnaires (i.e., General Sleep Disturbance Scale – GSDS, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System – PROMIS or Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index – PSQI) report poor sleep quality in mothers with an infant in the NICU (Busse et al., 2013; Lee & Hsu, 2012; Schaffer et al., 2013).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Coma
- Consciousness
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
- Wakefulness
- Brain
- Sensory Nervous System
- Stimulus
- Sleep Cycle
- NON-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
- Dream