Conducting the Investigative Interview
Darrell L. Ross, Gary M. Vilke in Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 2018
How might rest contribute to more complete and accurate eyewitness recall? One hypothesis is that REM (rapid eye movement) sleep plays an important role in the consolidation of memories (see Stickgold, 2005 for a review) and therefore recall should be more complete following sleep. It is well known that stress can typically cause an increase in cortisol (hormone) and while it is thought that cortisol may sometimes enhance the formation of memories, it has been found that the remaining presence of increased cortisol can impair memory retrieval (Ackerman et al., 2013). Recent research also suggests that sleep deprivation may contribute to the generation of false memories (Fenn et al., 2009). Interestingly, the generation of false memories caused by sleep deprivation has been found to be largely reversed with the administration of caffeine, “indicating that adenosinergic mechanisms can contribute to the generation of false memories associated with sleep loss” (Diekelmann et al., 2008).
Normal Sleep
Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam in Clinical Atlas of Polysomnography, 2018
Grossly, sleep may be divided into two major stages: rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), based upon the eye movements, muscle tone, and waveforms in EEG . NREM sleep can further be divided into three stages: N1 sleep (characterized by theta waves in EEG; slow eye movement, and diminution of muscle tone, Figure 1.4), N2 sleep (theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes in EEG; absent eye movements and low muscle tone, Figure 1.5) and N3 sleep (more than 20% of epoch has delta waves, Figure 1.6). REM sleep is characterized by low-voltage, mixed-frequency activity in EEG, rapid eye movement, and muscle atonia (Figure 1.7).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Herbal tea made from Verbena officinalis has also traditionally been used for the treatment of insomnia. Two of the herb’s prominent iridoid glycosides, hastatoside and verbenalin, were evaluated for effects on sleep in rats through electroencephalographic analyses. Both phytochemicals substantially increased the total time of non-rapid eye movement sleep as well as delta activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep.19 Thus, Verbena officinalis may be useful in the common situation in which depressed mood is accompanied by insomnia. Nonetheless, there are no published studies of the use of Verbena officinalis or its constituent phytochemicals in the treatment of MDD in human subjects.
Interaction between slow wave sleep and elevated office blood pressure in non-hypertensive obstructive sleep apnea patients: a cross-sectional study
Published in Blood Pressure, 2023
Ning Xia, Hao Wang, Lin Zhang, Xiao-Jun Fan, Xiu-Hong Nie
The interaction between sleep and hypertension has become apparent over past years. Sleep disorders have been confirmed to elevate blood pressure (BP) and develop hypertension [1–3], which is the most common prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [4]. Sleep comprises of two states, including rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep [5]. Slow wave sleep (SWS), one part of non-rapid eye movement sleep, increases vagal tone and reduces sympathetic tone, which consequently decreases heart rate and BP [6,7]. Experimental studies showed that SWS deprivation significantly attenuated nocturnal blood pressure decline [8]. Further prospective population-based studies supported the same conclusion [9,10]. Fung et al. [9] found incident hypertension was associated with decreased SWS percentage after multiple adjustments in a cohort of elderly men. Consistently, another study observed lower levels of percentage SWS increased odds of incident hypertension in both men and women independent of potential confounders [10].
The Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Prospective Imagery and Anxiety in Golfers
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2018
Niall Falls, Jamie B. Barker, Martin J. Turner
Two dominant hypotheses have been proposed to explain bilateral stimulation effects caused by eye movement (Oren & Solomon, 2012). The first is that eliciting an “orienting response,” where a reduced arousal neurobiological state, similar to rapid eye movement sleep, may cause dysfunctional memories to be linked to more adaptive memory networks (Stickgold, 2002). A second is that dual attention processing might disrupt working memory, with effects on emotionality of imagery and memory. Both hypotheses have considerable supporting evidence and may interactively support the therapeutic effects of EMDR (see Oren & Solomon, 2012), with symptoms of single incident trauma typically resolving within two to three sessions (E. Shapiro, 2012). Although eye movements are the most commonly delivered form of bilateral stimulation, hand taps and auditory tones have also been used where clients are visually impaired or cannot tolerate eye movements.
Association between Sleep Duration and Depression among the Elderly Population in China
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Wenjuan Zhong, Fen Wang, Lulu Chi, Xueying Yang, Yingxi Yang, Zhihong Wang
Sleep problem has been considered to be a modifiable behavioral factor affecting public health (Sha, Cheng, & Yan, 2019). The structure of sleep changes with age (Wolkove, Elkholy, Baltzan, & Palayew, 2007). The results of a meta-analysis showed that compared with young adults, the proportion of deep sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in the elderly was lower, the sleep efficiency significantly decreased, and the sleep latency time increased (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). According to a survey, approximately 40% of people aged 60 years or over suffered from sleep disturbance, and the number increased with age (Luo et al., 2013). People are more and more aware of the importance of sleep to the mental health of the elderly. Studies have shown a distinct relationship between sleep habits and chronic diseases in the elderly (Zhang, Xie, Yu, Zhang, & Qian, 2019). Evidence have also demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between sleep problems and depression (Franzen & Buysse, 2008; Jansson-Fröjmark & Lindblom, 2008), with depression increasing the risk of poor sleep, which predicts depression.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Brainstem
- Eye
- Monoamine Neurotransmitter
- Neural Oscillation
- Sleep
- Muscle Tone
- Neurotransmitter
- Acetylcholine
- Dream
- NON-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep