Peripheral neurological
Ian Mann, Alastair Noyce in The Finalist’s Guide to Passing the OSCE, 2021
Practise eliciting reflexes to ensure that you know where the tendons lie anatomically. Hold the tendon hammer down the shaft, away from the head, and swing it purposefully. Reflexes can be described as: (pathologically) brisk (+++) — upper motor neurone lesionsnormal (++)reduced (+)absent (–)present only with reinforcement, i.e. teeth clenching (±).
Targeting the Nervous System
Nathan Keighley in Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
The nervous system is composed of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, which extends the entire body. Sensory neurons carry information from the body to the CNS, while motor nerves carry messages from the CNS to the rest of the body. Information from a stimulus is carried to the CNS by the sensory neurones; here, the messages are coordinated and the appropriate messages are then sent from the CNS to effectors, which can be organs or muscles, to generate a response to the stimulus. For example, if a person was to touch a hot object, for example they accidentally touch the ring on a hot cooker, the information from the stimulus, measured by temperature receptors in the skin, travels via a sensory neurone to a coordinator, such as a connector neurone within the CNS, which produces an automatic response to move the hand away from the heat by sending signals down motor neurones to the effector muscles. This pathway of neurones is known as a reflex arc. The response is immediate because only three neurones are involved and it is an automatic, involuntary response because it bypasses the brain to save time and avoid damage.
Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Nassir H. Sabah in Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
A reflex is a largely involuntary and stereotyped action that occurs relatively fast in response to a certain stimulus. An example is the flexion reflex discussed below and which results in rapid withdrawal of a limb, such as the hand, upon touching a hot object. A large number of reflexes can occur in the body under physiological conditions, which could involve glands, internal organs, the autonomic nervous system, the somatic nervous system, the brain, or the spinal cord. An example of a purely endocrine reflex that involves endocrine glands without mediation of the nervous system is the regulation of glucose level in the blood. Thus, an increase in the level of glucose in the blood causes the pancreas to release more insulin, which allows more glucose to enter cells, thereby reducing glucose level in the blood. Some reflexes can be conditioned through learning, so that the reflex action is elicited by a stimulus other than the natural stimulus for the reflex.
Structural validity and internal consistency of a hypothesized factor structure of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2023
Yuta Tauchi, Makoto Kyougoku, Yuho Okita, Takashi Takebayashi
First, the original form could not be used to assess all models; the model with the best fit was the 30-item form (4-factor, 30 items: Model 5). This finding strongly supported the multidimensionality of the FMA-UE form,13,19,20 and the three reflex items (biceps, triceps, and normal reflex items) were unnecessary, as shown in previous studies.5,13,19,20 Reflexes are involuntary movements through which an individual automatically elicits a response to a stimulus; reflexes are susceptible to mental stress and spasticity.19,20 The presence of reflex items is unacceptable in the FMA-UE form, which assesses voluntary upper extremity movements. In addition, two items (items 1 and 2) appeared to be within nominal scales1; hence, the confusion with scaling the different variables using either the two-scoring or three-scoring method (items 3–33) made it difficult to statistically estimate the factor structure of the original form.19,20 In the statistical analysis, it is always estimated by removing the reflex items, thereby suggesting that the reflex items were not needed. CFA confirmed that the reflex items were unnecessary in the FMAUE-J form; therefore, pure upper extremity function can be assessed by adopting the factor structure of the 30-item form, excluding three reflex items.
Static cervico-ocular reflex in healthy humans
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Tomoki Ooka, Keiji Honda, Takeshi Tsutsumi
Our experiment revealed the existence of static COR, which rotates the human eye towards the side of neck flexion. An evolutionary biological explanation should be attempted to recognise the role of this newly identified reflex. Preyed herbivorous animals generally have eyes on the lateral sides of their heads. When they raise their heads while lying down to keep a lookout and search for carnivores, this ipsi-directional COR, added to the neck flexion and cooperated with static VOR, works to keep their sight horizontally, to enable them to identify predators beforehand. Human beings, as predators, have two eyes on the front side of their head to achieve binocular vision. Static COR, along with static/otolithic VOR, is no longer necessary, although we can determine the remnant of this reflex.
Performance Feedback in Organizations: Understanding the Functions, Forms, and Important Features
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
Douglas A. Johnson, C. Merle Johnson, Priyanka Dave
Feedback for performance has long been important, if not foundational, for improvements and adaptations, as noted by scholars in general, including the founders of our field. Consider the following quote by B. F. Skinner: Reflexes, conditioned or otherwise, are mainly concerned with the internal physiology of the organism. We are most often interested, however, in behavior which has some effect upon the surrounding world. Such behavior raises most of the practical problems in human affairs and is also of particular theoretical interest because of its special characteristics. The consequences of behavior may “feed back” into the organism. When they do so, they may change the probability that the behavior which produced them will occur again. The English language contains many words, such as “reward” or “punishment,” which refer to this effect, but we can get a clear picture of it only through experimental analysis. (Skinner, 1953, p. 59)
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Motor Neuron
- Nervous System
- Neural Pathway
- Reflex Arc
- Startle Response
- Stretch Reflex
- Synapse
- Stimulus
- Cat Righting Reflex