General Synonyms
Terence R. Anthoney in Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
For describing the primary neural pathways by which information travels from higher CNS centers toward effector end-organs—i.e., toward muscle cells and glandular cells—particularly the alpha and gamma motoneurons (somatomotor) and the autonomic neurons (visceromotor). These words may be used to indicate entire pathways or just certain portions, as in the PNS or in the brain stem. See, also, GS: Motor fibers and NS: Efferent-1. 1a. gamma motor neurons (B&K, p. 39)1b. γ efferent neurons (C&S, p. 167)2a. visceral motor system (C&S, p.209)2b. visceral efferent system (B&K, p. 350)
The Nervous System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Immediately above the spinal cord and continuous with it is the medulla, or medullaoblongata. The general term medulla refers to the marrow or innermost part of an animal; this "oblong medulla" is basic to the human, controls some of the innermost animal functions such as respiration, and is the neural pathway to the rest of the brain. On the ventral surface of the medulla are raised ridges called pyramids consisting of motor tracts from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. These pyramidal tracts cross over in the lower medulla, so each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.
Varieties of learning and developmental theories of memory
Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey in Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
The neurobiology of operant learning has been studied extensively. There are specific neural pathways that are involved in the recognition of environmental cues and the initiation of motor movements. Important for the present discussion are the neural pathways that are engaged as the reinforcing consequences of actions are experienced. Animal research conducted in the mid-1950s (Olds & Milner, 1954) revealed the ‘reward centres’ of the brain; that is, structures that are involved in establishing memories of actions that lead to reward or to punishers. The medial forebrain bundle is a network of axons, primarily dopaminergic in nature, that extend between the midbrain and the rostral basal forebrain. Various tracts project to the prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex, nucleus accumbens and the hippocampus and all play roles in reinforcement circuitry.
Theorizing Black Trans Survivance and Care in the Context of COVID 19: A Clinical Case Study
Published in Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2021
Rory Crath, Hannah Karpman, J. J. Mull, Leigh-Anne Francis
Contemporary understandings of trauma build upon interdisciplinary and translational research conducted in the 1970’s. While the earlier research began making connections between how brain processes worked and their effect on human behavior (Lang, 1968), current research literature points to an important interaction between psychological and physiological processes (Van der Kolk, 2003). As an example, early experiences of trauma are now understood to shape the physical structures of the brain. Neural pathways are developed in infancy and throughout childhood. If a child frequently experiences activation due to something like yelling or violence in the environment, the child will develop a well-worn neural connection to a feeling of activation and arousal. This biological process helps prepare their brain for the future predicted environment. On the contrary, if a child experiences a predictable, calm environment, their neural pathways will equip them to manage such environments in the future. It is important to note that these ideas are not seen as determinative, that is, that brain structure can be altered over time once it has been established making therapeutic interventions key in early childhood and possible, but more challenging, in adulthood.
Differences in neural pathways are related to the short- or long-term benefits of constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with chronic stroke and hemiparesis: a pilot cohort study
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2018
Takashi Takebayashi, Kohei Marumoto, Kayoko Takahashi, Kazuhisa Domen
We examined 48 neural pathways using templates defined by Mori et al. [23] The pathways consisted of 6 unpaired structures and 21 pairs of affected and non-affected structures. The 6 unpaired neural pathways included (1) the middle cerebellar peduncle; (2) the pontine crossing tract, which is part of the middle cerebellar peduncle; (3) the genu, (4) body (BCC), and (5) splenium of the corpus callosum; and (6) the column and body of the fornix (CBF). The 21 pathway pairs included affected and unaffected (1) the corticospinal tracts; (2) the medial lemniscus; (3) the inferior and (4) the superior cerebellar peduncles; (5) the cerebral peduncles (CP); (6) the anterior limbs (ALIC), (7) posterior limbs (PLIC), and (8) retrolenticular parts of the internal capsule; (9) the anterior, (10) superior, and (11) posterior coronae radiatae; (12) the posterior thalamic radiations (including optic radiations); (13) the sagittal strata (including the inferior longitudinal fasciculi and inferior frontooccipital fasciculus), (14) external capsules; (15) cingula of the cingulate gyrus (CgC); (16) the hippocampal cingula; (17) the fornices and stria terminalis (unresolvable at our resolution); (18) the superior longitudinal fasciculi; (19) the superior frontooccipital fasciculi (possibly part of the anterior internal capsules) (SFF); (20) the uncinate fasciculi; (21) and tapeta. We used the FMRIB Software Library’s FSLUTILS tools to calculate the mean FA values for single voxels.
A preliminary study of atypical cortical change ability of dynamic whole-brain functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Bo Chen
One worthwhile problem is that how dynamic does the inform interaction or interruption of cortical regions on account of the brain diseases. Therefore, the DFCs investigate the potential time-varying characteristics of FCs by introducing the sliding time window or frequency-bands division methods on the fMRI signals. Here describes the central motivating hypothesis in this paper. Focused on the properties of edge weight change, changeability surveys functional contacting and functional switching of different brain regions at transient responses perspective. What’s more, at the long-term perspective, changeability may also predict outcome of learning and rehabilitation under the framework of brain plasticity. Brain plasticity explains brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter existing ones to adapt to new experiences, learn new information, and create new memories. Hence, an important goal for changeability is to deliver a new quantitative analyses method of abnormal cortical activity in diseased brains, and further offers a new perspective in modern diagnoses of mental illnesses.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Axon
- Nerve Fascicle
- Nerve Tract
- Nervous System
- Neuroanatomy
- Neurotransmission
- Synapse
- Brain
- Neuron
- Grey Matter