Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Graphene oxide (GO) is the oxide of a two-dimensional structure consisting of single layer of carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb lattice. Application of graphene has been studied intensely in fields such as electronics, sensing, photonics, and antibacterial (Innocenzi and Stagi 2020). GO and reduced GO (rGO) has shown excellent antibacterial activity toward both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It has been observed that the GO will fold over the bacteria by attaching to the bacterial membrane’s functional group while penetrating with doped metal, effectively killing the cell (Vi et al. 2020). The rGO, on the other hand, will embed the cell into large aggregates. The antibacterial activities of GO and rGO has brought up the possibility of applying the same mechanism toward antiviral action. The main mechanisms of antimicrobial activities can be classified as either through direct physical contact with the target cell or through ROS produced from GO or rGO acting as photocatalyst (Singh et al. 2019), with the antibacterial example above falling under the former category.
Understanding the Role of Existing Technology in the Fight Against COVID-19
Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma in Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
The importance of graphene in the fight against COVID-19 has also been reflected upon by considering its uses in several forms. Due to the mono-layered carbon structure, graphene possesses high surface area, which is well exposed. The high surface area is advantageous for detecting even a single molecule due to a change in its electrical properties. Thus, graphene serves as an ideal choice for the construction of sensors [34]. The graphene surface can be easily functionalized according to the requirements. The oxygen present on the surface of graphene oxide also provides reactive sites for nucleic acids, enzymes, or proteins [35]. The virus proteins can be detected by integrating antibodies on the surface of graphene oxide. It has been demonstrated that sulfonated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with graphene oxide can capture herpes simplex virus type 1, after which it can be destroyed by using NIR light [36]. Similar attempts can be made to capture and destroy the COVID-19 virus in the future.
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of graphene and their derivatives have endowed them a great potential in a broad spectrum of research fields including bio- and nanomedicine (Naghib 2019; Salahandish et al. 2018a; Kalkhoran et al. 2018; Askari et al. 2019; Mamaghani et al. 2018; Naghib et al. 2020a; Naghib et al. 2020b). Their promise as a vehicle for carrying diverse cargos (drug, genes, nanoparticles, proteins, etc.) has been reported extensively (Gooneh-Farahani et al. 2019; Kalkhoran et al. 2018; Gooneh-Farahani et al. 2020; Askari et al. 2019). Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely employed in regenerative medicine. The oxygenated functional groups at the edge sites and the hydrophobic basal plane interact with drugs, genes, or proteins through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, or π–π stacking. Such interactions preserve biomolecules (proteins, DNA) from enzymatic degradation. Besides, they guarantee the sustained and continuous release of the cargo over time.
Crafting two-dimensional materials for contrast agents, drug, and heat delivery applications through green technologies
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Dwi Setyawan, Tahta Amrillah, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah, Fasih Bintang Ilhami, Diva Meisya Maulina Dewi, Zuhra Mumtazah, Agustina Oktafiani, Fayza Putri Adila, Moch Falah Hani Putra
In this chapter, we briefly discuss the toxicity of the listed 2D materials above. Nontoxicity is a requirement for all biomedical applications. For the application of 2D materials in biomedical applications, toxicity must be evaluated at a relevant dose under typical conditions, worst-case scenarios, with and without appropriate safeguards [33]. To assess the 2D materials with the living biological system, there are two mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro tests which mostly we can use, as shown in Figures 2(a) and (b). As a famous 2D material, graphene has been well developed, including how to bring graphene closer to reality in biomedical applications. Many previous reports of toxicity evaluation of graphene. Figure 2(a) shows in vivo assessment of the so-called nanoscale graphene oxides or NGO. In vivo test was used to understand the biodistribution and pulmonary toxicity of NGO in C57BL/6 mice for up to 3 months by employing a radioisotope tracing and conventional evaluation system. By using in vivo assessment, direct morphological observation of the lungs from mice could be observed; from the dorsal view, it exhibits the distribution of NGO (black region) [34].
A follow-up study on workers involved in the graphene production process after the introduction of exposure mitigation measures: evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Delia Cavallo, Cinzia Lucia Ursini, Anna Maria Fresegna, Aureliano Ciervo, Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Raffaele Maiello, Pieranna Chiarella, Giuliana Buresti, Valentina Del Frate, Diana Poli, Roberta Andreoli, Luisana Di Cristo, Stefania Sabella, Sergio Iavicoli
However it needs to be highlighted that the used biomarkers are not able to discriminate the specific effects due to the NMs from those due to other chemicals used in the NM production process, as already reported in our previous work (Ursini et al. 2021). Therefore, the observed effects are the result of a complex exposure. The introduction of a collective protection device, allowing to perform the phases at higher risk of dust exposure in a semi-closed system, together with the enhancement of environmental ventilation and higher attention to the PPE use, seem to have reduced the slight genotoxic and oxidative effects observed previously. These findings suggest that the adoption of such mitigation measures can lead to a reduction of potential toxic effects induced during all phases of graphene production process including those potentially induced by other chemicals used in such process.
Evaluation of graphene-derived bone scaffold exposure to the calvarial bone_in-vitro and in-vivo studies
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Yung-Chang Lu, Ting-Kuo Chang, Shu-Ting Yeh, Tzu-Chiao Lin, Hung-Shih Lin, Chun-Hung Chen, Chun-Hsiung Huang, Chang-Hung Huang
Graphene is a novel material which has recently been gaining great interest in the biomedical field (Alagarsamy et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2021). Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) single-atom-thick sheet of sp2-hybridized hexagonally arranged carbon atoms within a carbon material structure (Mittal et al. 2020). Graphene shows promising characteristics, including excellent mechanical properties, atomic structure stability, and electrical conductivity (Qu et al. 2018; Du et al. 2020). Graphene-based nanomaterials have also been used in dermatology research, due to their excellent biological properties such as cell proliferation stimulation, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility (Zhao et al. 2021). In cardiovascular diseases, carbon nanomaterials like graphene showed a promising potential in the clinical translation of biomaterials-based therapies (Alagarsamy et al. 2021). 3D graphene foams were developed and showed the ability to maintain human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability and induce spontaneous osteogenic differentiation (Crowder et al. 2013). Incorporated graphene derivate into Zn or positively charged Fe3O4 (pFe3O4) scaffold not only increased its mechanical properties but also improved cell biocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase activity (Yang et al. 2020, 2021).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carbon Nanotube
- Fullerene
- Glassy Carbon
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
- Silicon Dioxide
- Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Electron Microscope
- Allotropes of Carbon
- Nanomaterials
- Composite Material