Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a hollow cylindrical structure made of carbon. They are often synthesised by winding single layers or multiple layers of graphene sheets. Based on the number of layers wound, CNTs are classified into two categories: single-walled (SW) CNTs, which use single layers of graphene sheets, and multi-walled (MW) CNTs, which use more than one layer of graphene sheets. CNTs have the unique properties among other carbon nanoparticles to transport drugs or biomolecules to various types of targeted cells, such as cancer cells and T cells (Date and Destache 2013). Due to the conjugation and complexation of CNTs, it is possible to insert more than one type of functional group to the surface of CNTs. In theory, it is also possible to transport molecules through the internal cavity of CNTs (Bianco 2004). Pristine CNTs are known to be harmful to cell due to its properties of hydrophobicity and tendency to aggregate due to strong van der Waals force (Zhou et al. 2017). Methods have been studied to reduce the cytotoxicity by reducing the length of CNTs, such as introducing hydrophilic groups to the surface of CNTs to allow ease of transport through body and introducing structural defects to allow degradation by oxidative enzyme (Russier et al. 2011).
Applications of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Gliomas
Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Carbon nanotubes (CNs) are molecules formed by carbon atoms and consist of one or more layers of graphene (single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes) [45]. Among the single-walled nanotubes are classified the nanohorns, which can be produced at lower cost and higher material purity. Drugs are linked to the outer surface of CNs (with covalent or non-covalent bonds, such as hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions) or are included internally within the CNS. The input mechanisms within the cell depends on the size of the CNs; those of a size less than 400 nm are internalized by passive diffusion, while the others by endocytosis. A means of enabling effective targeting is to bind folic acid to the outer surface of the CNs, which is recognized by the cells of tumors that overexpress folate. An important advantage of CNs is its ability to carry siRNAs; in vitro studies have demonstrated that the release of siRNA-conjugated CNs determines inhibition of cellular proliferation. Unfortunately, these NPs cause significant side effects, such as increased oxidative stress and, if inhaled, acute lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis [2].
An Insight into Advanced Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Biomimetic Systems in Tissue Engineering
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
In an investigation, a UV-cross-linkable gold (GNR)-incorporated gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hybrid was fabricated for its utilisation in cardiac TE (Cromer Berman et al., 2011). The incorporated nanomaterial was reported to promote the hydrogel matrix’s mechanical stiffness and electrical conductivity, and the hybrid hydrogels seeded cardiomyocytes represented excellent viability, cell retention, and metabolic activity. Similarly, carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have enhanced conductivity-related characteristics. For instance, a study reported the synthesis of cardiac patches by planting neonatal rat cardiomyocytes onto CNT-incorporated photo-cross-linkable gelatin methacrylate hydrogels. The electrically conductive and nanofibrous complexes formed by CNT were reported to improve cardiac cell adhesion and organisation and provide outstanding mechanical integrity and improved electrophysiological functions.
Advances in siRNA delivery in cancer therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Aishwarya Singh, Piyush Trivedi, Narendra Kumar Jain
Carbon nanotubes have recently emerged as a replacement choice for cancer treatment, as a carrier for siRNA delivery (Figure 4(i)). CNTs with their nanoneedle structure have been able to independently translocate into cytoplasm without inducing necrobiosis [76,77]. Carbon nanotubes can be divided into single-walled and multiwalled categories. Single walled CNTs functionalised with –CONH–(CH2)6–NH3 + Cl− act as siRNA carriers; siRNA is free from the nanotube side-wall to silence the expression of enzyme polymerase. This action inhibits the synthesis of enzyme and prevents cancer cells from getting replicative immortality thus suppressing tumour growth [78,79]. A number of excellent articles have been published that highlight the use of carbon nanotubes for delivery of small molecule drugs and nucleic acids [80,81].
Comparative assessments of the biodistribution and toxicity of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed with two different reagents after intravenous injection
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Minfang Zhang, Ying Xu, Mei Yang, Masako Yudasaka, Toshiya Okazaki
Owing to their outstanding physical and chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [Iijima 1991; Iijima and Ichihashi 1993] have been tested in various applications in the fields of electronics, composite materials, and energy, as well as in biological fields such as therapeutics and imaging applications [De Volder et al. 2013; Baughman, Zakhidov, and de Heer 2002; Tan et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2009; Martincic and Tobias 2015]. The distinctive chemical and physical characteristics of CNTs are dependent on their extremely small sizes and fiber-like shapes. CNTs may be potentially hazardous to humans, with public concerns about their possible environmental and toxicological effects increasing as the number of CNT products entering the market has increased. Several studies in animals found that a few types of multi-wall CNTs (MWNTs) were carcinogenic [Ryman-Rasmussen et al. 2009; Rittinghausen et al. 2014; Sakamoto et al. 2018; Kobayashi, Izumi, and Morimoto 2017; Poland et al. 2008; Takagi et al. 2008], leading the Swedish nonprofit organization ChemSec to add CNTs to the SIN (‘Substitute It Now’) list [Hansen and Lennquist 2020]. Moreover, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has categorized the MWNTs MWNT-7/XNRI-7 to group 2B, indicating that they are possible carcinogens in humans. All other types of MWNTs, as well as single-wall CNTs (SWNTs), have not yet been classified due to limited toxicological research [IARC 2017]. Determining the possible toxicity of SWNTs requires more detailed investigations.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce IL-1β secretion by activating hemichannels-mediated ATP release in THP-1 macrophages
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jingpu Fan, Yiyong Chen, Di Yang, Jie Shen, Xinbiao Guo
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted increasing attention in many fields for their distinctive physicochemical properties and extensive application prospects (Son, Hong, and Lee 2016). CNTs can be sub-classified as single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs), and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) based on the number of graphene layers constituting their structures (Li and Cao 2018). Among the different CNTs, MWCNTs stand out as particularly hazardous for their multi-layer structure endowed them with stronger bio-durability and rigidity (Rydman et al. 2014; Palomaki et al. 2015; Bussy et al. 2016). The production and use of MWCNTs have extensively increased in the last decades, which have raised the attention of potential human exposure to these materials in both occupational and ambient environments (Castranova, Schulte, and Zumwalde 2013). Like most nanomaterials, MWCNTs have a distinct feature of low density and small size, which makes inhalation their primary route for exposure (Luanpitpong, Wang, and Rojanasakul 2014b). Previous researches have established that inhalation of MWCNTs can cause a series of adverse effects in rodents, including lung inflammation (Morimoto et al. 2012; Hamilton et al. 2013; Pothmann et al. 2015), fibrosis (Murphy et al. 2011; Park et al. 2011; Mercer et al. 2013), and lung carcinoma (Suzui et al. 2016; Numano et al. 2019), indicating they are potentially hazardous to human health (Sharma et al. 2016).
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