Pharmacological Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Ginkgo biloba belongs to family Ginkgoaceae, a member of the gymnosperms. The rest plants of the Ginkgoaceae family are now extinct and found as fossils. Ginkgo biloba is a small tree that originated in China but now planted worldwide as an ornamental plant. It is also cultivated in Korea, France, and the United States. The major chemical constituents present in Ginkgo biloba as the mixture of flavonoids and terpenoids. The dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba contain ginkgolides (A, B, C, J, and M), bilobalide and 0.1–0.25% terpene, and lactones. 30–40% of the mixture is bilobalide whereas ginkgolide A is present in maximum amount and accounts about 30% of the mixture. The nature of ginkgolides is diterpenoid while bilobalide is sesquiterpenoid (Paul, 2002).
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) is indigenous in Southern China and is cultivated around the globe. Its leaf extract is useful in asthma (Tang et al., 2007). This slow-growing ornamental tree can be seen in city parks or near commercial buildings, was investigated pharmacologically and the GBE or Ginkgo biloba extract came to be. Adding on to this, GBE had already been in use for hundreds of years to treat disorders such as asthma (Cybulska-Heinrich et al., 2012). The active ingredients (phytoceuticals) are flavonoids, ginkgolides, bilobalides (Figure 8.23), and terpenoids (Zuo et al., 2017). GBE is also labeled as a platelet-activating factor or PAF, an inflammatory pathophysiology mediator of asthma (Babayigit et al., 2009). However, despite use, controlled studies do not support the extract’s efficacy for some of the indicated conditions.
Examples with Potential Public Health Benefits
Rowena K. Richter in Herbal Medicine, 2013
Ginkgo has been widely used in Europe and in the Far East for many years. There are over 400 articles in the medical literature on Ginkgo biloba L. A 1992 Dutch review of forty human studies of ginkgo concluded that ginkgo causes no serious side effects.47 The absence of side effects is particularly important for ginkgo because it means the treatment can be continued uninterrupted for the rest of a patient's life. As with St. John's wort, the absence of side effects also means people are more likely to actually take the medicine over a long period of time. If high quality ginkgo products were widely available in the United States and medical professionals and the elderly were informed about it, improvements in the prevalence of Alzheimer's might be possible.
Cancer Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 5 of 5
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Amy C. Brown
Memory loss and dementia are two conditions for which use of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is promoted. The Ginkgo biloba plant has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine (IARC, 2016). While the very limited epidemiological data on humans are difficult to interpret, animal studies suggest an increased risk of liver cancer. After their review, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2016) concluded: “There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of Ginkgo biloba extract” (Ginkgo Biloba, p. 111).“There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of Ginkgo biloba extract.”“Ginkgo biloba extract is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B)” (Ginkgo Biloba, p. 111).
HPLC-UV/HRMS methods for the unambiguous detection of adulterations of Ginkgo biloba leaves with Sophora japonica fruits on an extract level
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Evangelia Bampali, Stefan Germer, Rudolf Bauer, Žarko Kulić
Ginkgo biloba is one of the most intensely studied medicinal plants. There are numerous studies for pharmacological activities of ginkgo extracts for a range of conditions, including age-associated cognitive decline and dementia, vertigo, tinnitus, and peripheral arterial disease (Horsch and Walther 2004; von Boetticher 2011; Gauthier and Schlaefke 2014; Basta 2017). Based on the traditional medical application, ginkgo leaves are used for the relief of the heaviness of the legs and the sensation of cold hands and feet associated with minor circulatory disorders. Furthermore, a well-established use of specific extracts has been acknowledged by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of the European Medicines Agency for the improvement of (age-associated) cognitive impairment and of quality of life in mild dementia (Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency 2015).
Exploring the potential of solid dispersion for improving solubility, dissolution & bioavailability of herbal extracts, enriched fractions, and bioactives
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Debadatta Mohapatra, Ashish K. Agrawal, Alakh N. Sahu
Ginkgo biloba (family-Ginkgoaceae) is extensively used to treat multiple diseases, especially neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) of the leaf is used worldwide as a phytomedicine and a dietary supplement (Wang et al.2015) & also commercialised in the form of granules, tablets, dripping pills, capsules, etc. However, the low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability constrict the therapeutic value of marketed products. The SD of GBE (GBE-SD) was made to avoid such limitations via HME technology. The in-vitro dissolution, as well as the in-vivo oral bioavailability study, revealed the potential of GBE-SD to elevate the rate of dissolution & oral bioavailability of GB (Wang et al.2015). The dissolution profile of total flavonoids and total terpene lactones were found to be significantly increased in GBE-SD compared to the physical mixture (extract & polymer) and non-formulated GBE extract. The results of the PK study also revealed the significant increase in the bioavailability in terms of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) & area under the curve (AUC0–t) of ginkgolide A, bilobalide, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, quercetin (QCT), kaempferol (KMF) and isorhamnetin (ISR) upon oral administration of GBE-SD (Wang et al.2015).
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