Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Cresols (p-chloro-m-cresol [PCMC or chlorocresol], sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresol, carvacrol, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol) can be absorbed across the skin when applied in high concentrations, as well as promote the absorption of other compounds. At high concentrations, the cresols can cause significant dermal irritation. At lower concentrations that are generally used in skin care products and cosmetics, significant dermal irritation has been recorded for a number of the cresols. However, the agents PCMC, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol generally did not cause dermal irritation at low concentrations (Andersen, 2006).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
p-Cymene is a colorless to pale yellow clear liquid; its odor type is terpenic and its odor at 1% in dipropylene glycol is described as ‘fresh citrus terpene woody spice’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). p-Cymene is used to improve the odor of soaps, detergents and sanitation goods and as a masking odor for industrial products. It also acts as the starting material for the production of p-cresol, carvacrol and acetyl hexamethyl tetralin. Other uses include or have included as a solvent for dyes, varnishes and lacquers, as heat-transfer fluid, in metal polishes and in the manufacture of synthetic resins (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Alongside glutaraldehyde, Mellström et al.33 studied the permeability of isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and p-chloro-m-cresol. For 1 h, NR, PVC, and PE glove materials were found to provide acceptable protection against p-chloro-m-cresol along with glutaraldehyde. Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol permeated NR and PVC gloves in less than 10 min. The PE gloves were of variable quality, and the BT ranged from 4 to >240 min for the alcohols.
Modelling the role of microbial p-cresol in colorectal genotoxicity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Eiman Abdulla Al Hinai, Piyarach Kullamethee, Ian R. Rowland, Jonathan Swann, Gemma E. Walton, Daniel M. Commane
The colon is the most common site for intestinal tumours1 with microbial activity being implicated in increased susceptibility to neoplastic transformation.2 Environmental factors, particularly diet, modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the colonic microbiota with implications for cancer risk.3,4 Current mechanistic models implicating diet in CRC risk propose that dietary fibre favourably improves the balance of the microbiota, increasing the abundance of saccharolytic species relative to proteolytic microbes. The latter are associated with increased production of an assortment of genotoxic metabolites from meat based or endogenous substrates.4–6 Epidemiological studies implicate red and processed meat in particular in increasing risk of CRC. Genotoxicity associated with haem, N-nitroso compounds, and heterocyclic amines has been proposed as a mechanism underpinning this association.7 Amongst proteolytic metabolites present in the colon, p-cresol is a relatively poorly studied potential contributor to the genotoxic load.8 p-cresol is a methyl phenol produced via microbial degradation of tyrosine.9,10In situ, it is absorbed and metabolised in the liver, producing p-cresol sulphate, which is excreted in the urine. Elevated urinary p-cresol sulphate has been observed in patients with colorectal cancer10, it may be associated with ageing11 and more recently it has been suggested as a biomarker of protein intake.12
Gut microbiota: what is its place in pharmacology?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Aleksandra Tarasiuk, Jakub Fichna
In order to characterize and identify biological factors that may reduce the toxicity of overdose of paracetamol, Clayton T. et al. performed a comprehensive analysis of metabolites in urine of patients measured before and after a dose of paracetamol [5,74]. Interestingly, some discrepancies in the sulfate/glucuronide conjugation ratios among subjects were observed. Patients who excreted less paracetamol-sulfate had more cresol-sulfate (a microbial tyrosine metabolite) in their urine before paracetamol administration. For that reason, it has been stated that tyrosine-derivative p-cresol and paracetamol rival for enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of a sulfo group by intestinal absorptive cells. Hence, it is concluded that when more p-cresol is created by the GI microbiome the less paracetamol is sulfated [5,74].
Microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes: perpetrators of altered nonrenal drug clearance in kidney disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Alexander J Prokopienko, Thomas D Nolin
Clinical pharmacologists are uniquely positioned to investigate the functional effects of microbial toxins on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, hippuric acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and CMPF are important microbial toxins that warrant increased attention in clinical and translational research [106]. In addition, future systematic studies of the impact of individual and combined microbial toxins on drug metabolism and transport are needed because large interindividual variability in clinically observed microbial toxin concentrations may explain some differences in drug-related adverse events and efficacy. Important considerations include use of clinically relevant microbial toxin concentrations (Table 1), as well as use of microbial toxin precursors (e.g. p-cresol) and the most accumulated metabolites (e.g. p-cresol sulfate). In our opinion, hepatic-gut-kidney crosstalk will be an area of significant scientific research and discovery. Crosstalk individually impacts both hepatic diseases (e.g. steatohepatitis [107]) and potentially the progression of kidney disease [108]. Moreover, the implications extend to metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular disease.