Sensory contributions to control
Andrea Utley in Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
The detection of information outside of the fovea region occurs by means of peripheral vision (also referred to as ambient vision). Peripheral vision is primarily responsible for spatial orientation; it is a subconscious function independent of focal vision whose primary role is to orient an individual in the environment. For example, you can occupy focal vision by reading this book (a conscious action), while simultaneously obtaining sufficient orientation cues with peripheral vision to walk to your next lecture (a subconscious function). Peripheral vision is important in many sports. For example, a defender may have their eyes fixed on the player with the ball; however, at the same time they will perceive a player running down the field to perhaps receive the pass, but will not likely be able to determine detail (opponent’s identity or the quality of coverage by a teammate); Figure 7.4.
Ageing
Henry J. Woodford in Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Glaucoma typically causes a loss of peripheral vision or visual field defects (scotomas). It is related to reduced aqueous humour outflow that results in an increased intraocular pressure (> 21 mmHg). Primary open-angle glaucoma is an insidious disease caused by a blockage of flow in the trabecular meshwork, which results in gradual damage to the optic nerve. A large cup to disc ratio is seen on ophthalmoscopy. It is usually managed initially with eye drops, such as prostaglandin analogues (e.g. latanoprost) or beta-blockers (e.g. timolol). Secondary treatments include acetazolamide, sympathomimetics (e.g. brimonidine eye drops) and surgical iridectomy. Primary angle-closure glaucoma is caused by blockage of flow into the anterior chamber. It causes an acute red-eye and should be urgently referred to an ophthalmologist.
Neurodegeneration, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop in Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Night blindness is often the first symptom of these patients [6]. This is followed by loss of peripheral vision and, in some, loss of central vision. The index patient at 47 years could just perceive light. Examination of the retina reveals evidence of retinitis pigmentosa (Figures 53.1 and 53.2). The appearance of the clumps of pigment in the retina typically resembles spicules of bone [1, 7]. Some retinas may have a salt-and-pepper appearance [8]. The electroretinogram may be abnormal, as may visual fields. Others have optic atrophy [9]. There may be nystagmus on horizontal or vertical gaze and esotropia [8]. Progression of retinal disease has been described from the appearance of salt and pepper in the retina in the absence of symptoms to constriction of visual fields along with the appearance of bone spicules in the retina, optic nerve pallor, and arteriolar attenuation [10].
A Review of Studies of the Association of Vision-Related Quality of Life with Measures of Visual Function and Structure in Patients with Glaucoma in the United States
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2021
Naira Khachatryan, Maxwell Pistilli, Maureen G. Maguire, Angela Y. Chang, Marissa R. Samuels, Kristen Mulvihill, Rebecca J. Salowe, Joan M. O’Brien
The NEI VFQ-25 has the following vision-targeted subscales: (i) global vision rating (General Vision), (ii) difficulty with near vision activities (Near Activities), (iii) difficulty with distance vision activities (Distance Activities), (iv) limitations in social functioning due to vision (Vision-Specific Social Functioning), (v) role limitations due to vision (Vision-Specific Role Difficulties), (vi) dependency on others due to vision (Vision-Specific Dependency), (vii) mental health symptoms due to vision (Vision-Specific Mental Health), (viii) driving difficulties (Driving), (ix) limitations with peripheral vision (Peripheral Vision), (x) limitations with color vision (Color Vision), (xi) ocular pain (Ocular Pain). In addition, it includes a self-rated general health questionnaire (General Health). The composite score ranges from 0 to 100, with 0 representing extreme disability related to vision and 100 representing minimal to no disability.
Recent developments in imaging and surgical vision technologies currently available for improving vitreoretinal surgery: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Elham Sadeghi, Sashwanthi Mohan, Danilo Iannetta, Jay Chhablani
Advancements are also anticipated in the area of a retinal prosthesis. It can be designed in several parts to cover different areas of the retina. In this way, peripheral vision and central vision can be created. This will provide patients with a complete visual experience. Similarly, improvement in robotics for vitreo-retinal surgeries will expand its use from venous cannulation to routine in-office intravitreal injections and other procedures. However, challenges remain that need to be addressed. The most significant limitation is the cost and availability of new technologies. As technologies in this field constantly progress, further studies are needed to update this progress. Researchers and developers need to continue working toward making these technologies more accessible and affordable.
Octopus 900 Automated Kinetic Perimetry versus Standard Automated Static Perimetry in Glaucoma Practice
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Fiona J Rowe, Gabriela Czanner, Tobi Somerville, Ishaana Sood, Devindra Sood
For patients with glaucoma, the usual choice of visual field assessment is a threshold strategy to assess the central 24 to 30 degrees of the visual field of right and left eyes individually. In clinical practice, a number of issues arise with these central assessment programmes. For patients with late-stage disease, the central programme can show severe visual field loss but does not provide information about the peripheral visual field which is of use when indicating the ‘functional’ field of vision – that used by the individual in daily activities. Peripheral visual field impacts on quality of life. Whilst central vision is rated as having greatest importance for glaucoma patients, peripheral vision is of importance for mobility and tasks outside the home.6–8 Where peripheral vision is affected, this leads to worse quality of life scores for items such as role limitation and peripheral vision.9,10
Related Knowledge Centers
- Fixation
- Fovea Centralis
- Physiology
- Visual Perception
- Visual Field
- Ophthalmology
- Optometry
- Vision Science
- Macula
- Ophthalmoscopy