Gastrointestinal system
Aida Lai in Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Oral cancer Squamous-cell carcinomaRisk factors: alcohol abuse, smokingSymptoms: – mass in oral cavity– leukoplakia (white patch)– ulceration– pain when opening mouthSigns: cervical lymphadenopathyInvestigations: biopsy of massesManagement: surgery, radiotherapy
Integrative hyperthermia treatments for different types of cancer
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee in Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Oral cancer is a general term for malignant tumors occurring in the oral cavity. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Generalized oral cancers refer to cancers occurring in the area below the orbit and above the neck and can occur in any part of the tongue, cheek, jaw, and periodontal tissue. Oral cancers in the narrow sense mainly refer to all the tissues that can be seen in the oral cavity. Common clinical oral cancers include lip cancer, carcinoma of gingiva, tongue cancer, soft and hard palate cancer, jaw cancer, carcinoma of mouth floor, oropharyngeal cancer, salivary gland carcinoma, maxillary sinus carcinoma, and mucocutaneous cancers occurring on facial skin. Predilection age is between 40 and 70 years. The incidence for men is one to five times higher than that for women. Smoking and drinking are the most important risk factors that lead to oral cancers. Early symptoms include unexplained lumps in the mouth or neck; limited tongue movement that results in difficulties in chewing, swallowing, or speaking; loss of sensation and numbness in hemitongue; partial swelling and pain of jaw bone or limitation of opening mouth; recurrent lip ulceration; and scab. The prognosis is poor due to the difficulty of oral cancer surgery and the complex anatomy.
Oral Cavity Tumours Including Lip Reconstruction
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The registration rate for oral cancer has risen by over 20% in the last 30 years in England and Wales, particularly in those under 65 years of age.3, 4 The increasing incidence of HPV associated oropharyngeal carcinoma may contribute to the reported increase in oral cancer in those publications which do not differentiate between oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, however the increase in oral cancer incidence is confirmed in studies specifically isolating the oral cavity site.5 The author has seen a 10% increase in incidence and 20% increase in prevalence of oral cancer in his own practice between 2000 and 2010, cancers of the oral cavity not being associated with HPV. The increasing incidence of oral cancer has been noted in other populations6 and may be as a consequence of increasing alcohol consumption. A comprehensive review of international trends in head and neck cancer highlights concerns regarding alcohol consumption.7 Oral cancer is more common in males, who usually present in the 6th and 7th decade although the incidence of oral cancer in young people seems to be increasing.8, 9 Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the major aetiological factors in the development of oral cancer,10 oral cancer being considered largely preventable.
Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Oral cavity (mouth or buccal cavity), forming initial contacts with tobacco smokables, plays an essential role in the digestive system. Smoking is a risk factor for precancerous and cancers ailments of the oral cavity. Nearly 50% of deaths from oral cavity cancer (oral cancer) attribute to smoking (Siegel et al. 2015). Oral cancers have shown alarming prevalence globally, affecting human populations residing in both more developed and less developed countries. Oral cancer is a sub-group of head and neck cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), arising from the abnormal squamous epithelial cells, represent the commonly diagnosed forms of oral cancers (Subramanian and Krishnakumar 2017). Smoking practiced either actively (direct/intentional inhalation of noxious tobacco fumes by smokers while using smokables) or passively (unintentional inhalation of fumes by nonsmokers while accompanying the polluted/contaminated environments), induces enhancement in the oxidative stress levels within oral cavity (localized stress) and blood circulation (systemic stress) (Comhair et al. 2011).
miR-9 induces cell arrest and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma via CDK 4/6 pathway
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Anquan Shang, Wen-Ying Lu, Man Yang, Cheng Zhou, Hong Zhang, Zheng-Xin Cai, Wei-Wei Wang, Wan-Xiang Wang, Gui-Qi Wu
Oral cancer comprises of tumours arising in the lips, hard palate, alveolar ridges, tongue, buccal mucosa and retromolar, etc. [1]. The treatment of oral cancer usually entails dysfuntion and distortion in speech, mastication and swallowing, and even inability to social interactions [2]. Due to this, oral cancer remains a major public concern with considerable socioeconomic impact in the world, especially in southeast Asia [3]. According to 2012 WHO Globocan statistics, oral cancer ranked as one of the top 10 cancer morbidity, of which the age-standardized incidence rate was 3.8 worldwide, and 4.3 in Europe [4]. It Among those varieties of oral cancers, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for a predominantly 90% of all histological types [5]. Substantial advancements been made in treating oral cancer, the five-year survival rate for OSCC remained undesirable [2–4], and 35–55% patients developed recurrence within two years even with multimodality therapeutic strategies [4,5]. Despite clinical examination could access the primary tissues, most malignancies are insidious that cannot be diagnosed before they progressed to advanced stages [6]. Therefore, it’s imperative to identify biomarkers for early diagnosis, which may also be promising in formulating therapeutic strategies.
Combinatorial therapeutic approach for treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Rituraj Bharadwaj, Bhanu P. Sahu, Jayanta Haloi, Damiki Laloo, Prajjalendra Barooah, Chenole Keppen, Manab Deka, Subhash Medhi
Oral Cancer is among one of the most common forms of cancer in human and affects mostly the oral cavity and pharynx [1] and 90% of it gets originated in squamous cell [2]. There are a multiple risk factors associated with the cause of oral cancer including an infection of the human papillomavirus, excessive use of tobacco, betel quid and alcohol [3]. Tobacco smoking and alcohol intake play a synergistic role in the cause of oral cancer [4] whereas; the risk of developing oral cancer is three times higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers [5]. The prevalence of oral cancer has shown a higher increase rate in males as compared to that of females [6], moreover, the death rate is approximately 50% worldwide [7], which also represents a poor prognosis in developing countries [8]. High recurrence rates are found in patients undergoing the standard treatment, and delay in initiation of treatment is considered as the most prominent cause for no relevant improvement in the survival rate [9]. Moreover, conventional chemotherapy suffers from numerous drawbacks including poor drug specificity [10], undesired side effects [11] and resistance towards the treatment [12].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Actinic Cheilitis
- Biopsy
- Head & Neck Cancer
- Leukoplakia
- Cancer
- Tobacco Smoking
- Alcohol & Cancer
- Papillomavirus Infection
- Betel Nut Chewing
- Head & Neck Cancer
- CT Scan