Brain
Joseph Kovi, Hung Dinh Duong in Frozen Section In Surgical Pathology: An Atlas, 2019
Tumors of the brain and central nervous system are the second most common cause of cancer death in males under age 34 years and in females under the age of 15 years, exceeded only by leukemia in mortality. Oligodendroglioma is most commonly found in the frontal lobe. Meningioma is not a tumor of the brain proper but a tumor of the brain coverings. Accurate information furnished by the surgeon is vital in arriving at a correct frozen section diagnosis: Knowledge of the age of the patient eliminates quite a number of tumors occurring in the brain or central nervous system. Hemangioblastoma is a relatively uncommon intracranial neoplasm. The rapid reticulin stain of Wilder is most useful in differentiating astrocytomas from neurilemomas in frozen section. Glioblastoma multiforme is a necrotic, hemorrhagic lesion which blends imperceptibly into the surrounding brain tissue. Astrocytoma is gray-white in color, usually not necrotic or hemorrhagic.
Neoplasms
Ad (Sandy) Macleod, Ian Maddocks in The Psychiatry of Palliative Medicine, 2018
The common tumours within the nervous system, gliomas and cerebral metastases, are rarely curable. The most common primary brain tumour is glioblastoma multiforme. The terminal management of malignant tumours affecting the nervous system is challenging. The journey from acute presentation to death can be agonising. Evaluating the benefit–risk ratio in the management of neoplasms is critically important. The benefits of debulking surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy require balancing against the adverse effects of these relatively crude interventions. The propensity to develop sustained and troublesome anxiety, often precipitated by situations, is enhanced in those with brain tumours. The situation with depression is similar, the risk being enhanced by the multiple losses accumulated during the illness. Anxious irritability, rather than overt misery of mood, is not unusual in organic conditions. Both anxiety and depression are more likely early in the course of illness when insight and judgement is retained and the devastating impact on life is able to be acknowledged.
Microglial Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Hv1 in Neurological Disorders
Long-Jun Wu in Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, is a newly discovered ion channel that is highly expressed in the immune system. Upon activation, the channel rapidly removes protons from depolarized cytoplasm, aiding in acid extrusion from the cell. In the central nervous system (CNS), Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia but not neurons or astrocytes. Microglial Hv1 modulates intracellular pH homeostasis. In addition, Hv1 promotes NADPH oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via charge compensation and proton balance. Emerging evidence sheds light on the role of microglial Hv1 in a repertoire of neuropathological conditions such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and glioblastoma. This chapter will provide a comprehensive overview on the discovery, properties, regulation, and physiology of microglial Hv1 proton channel. Further, the chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms and functional significance of microglial Hv1 in the context of the various neurological disorders and highlights the opportunities in targeting the proton channel Hv1 for therapeutic gain.
Targeting Glioma Stem Cells by Functional Inhibition of Dynamin 2: A Novel Treatment Strategy for Glioblastoma
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2019
Rodney Luwor, Andrew P. Morokoff, Stephanie Amiridis, Giovanna D’Abaco, Lucia Paradiso, Stanley S. Stylli, Hong P. T. Nguyen, Mark Tarleton, Kelly A. Young, Terence J. O’Brien, Phillip J. Robinson, Megan Chircop, Adam McCluskey, Nigel C. Jones
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) play major roles in drug resistance, tumour maintenance and recurrence of glioblastoma. We investigated inhibition of the GTPase dynamin 2 as a therapy for glioblastoma. Glioma cell lines and patient-derived GSCs were treated with dynamin inhibitors, Dynole 34-2 and CyDyn 4-36. We studied about cell viability, and GSC neurosphere formation in vitro and orthotopic tumour growth in vivo. Dynamin inhibition reduced glioblastoma cell line viability and suppressed neurosphere formation and migration of GSCs. Tumour growth was reduced by CyDyn 4-36 treatment. Dynamin 2 inhibition therefore represents a novel approach for stem cell-directed Glioblastoma therapy.
Tumor treating fields therapy device for glioblastoma: physics and clinical practice considerations
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2015
Edwin Lok, Kenneth D Swanson, Eric T Wong
Alternating electric fields therapy, as delivered by the tumor treating fields device, is a new modality of cancer treatment that has been approved by the US FDA for recurrent glioblastoma. At a frequency of 200 kHz, these fields emanate from transducer arrays on the surface of the patient’s scalp into the brain and perturb processes necessary for cytokinesis during tumor cell mitosis. In the registration Phase III trial for recurrent glioblastoma patients, the efficacy of the tumor treating fields as monotherapy was equivalent to chemotherapy, while scalp irritation was its major adverse event compared with systemic toxicities that were associated with cytotoxic chemotherapies. Alternating electric fields therapy is, therefore, an essential option for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the physics, cell biology and clinical data supporting the use of the tumor treating fields therapy.
Vaccination in the immunotherapy of glioblastoma
Published in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2018
Ziren Kong, Yu Wang, Wenbin Ma
Glioblastoma remains one of the most common central nervous system tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Recently, rapid progress in immunotherapy has provided new options for the treatment of glioblastoma. Vaccination, the primary method of immunotherapy, stimulates the body's tumor-specific immune response by the injection of foreign antigens. Peptide vaccines involve the injection of tumor-specific antigens, such as EGFRvIII or heat-shock proteins. Cell-based vaccines, which primarily include dendritic cell vaccines and tumor cell vaccines, involve injections of ex vivo-modified cells. Despite the encouraging results of phase I/II clinical trials, no successful phase III clinical trials involving glioblastoma immunotherapy, including glioblastoma vaccinations, have been reported to date. In this review, the authors summarize the published outcomes of glioblastoma vaccine therapy, explore its future prospects based on ongoing clinical trials, and discuss combined therapy as a future direction for glioblastoma treatment.
Related Knowledge Centers
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