General Synonyms
Terence R. Anthoney in Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
For the laminae in layered structures, such as the cerebral cortex. 1a. multiform lamina (of the cerebral cortex) (W&W, p. 1008)1b. multiform layer (of the cerebral cortex) (B&K, p. 224)2a. lamina(e) of superior colliculus (CH&L, p. 712–713)2b. layers of the superior colliculus (C&S, p. 417)3a. laminae 3 through 6 (of the lateral geniculate body) (C&S, p. 526 [Fig. 15–20])3b. layers 3, 4, 5, and 6 (of the lateral geniculate body) (C&S, p. 527)
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Howard H. Feldman in Atlas of Alzheimer's Disease, 2007
One theory of the neurobiology of AD is that it is rooted in the architectonic evolution of the human brain. The human cerebral cortex consists of three to six layers of neurons. The phylogenetically oldest part of the human cortex (archipallium) has three distinct neuronal layers and is exemplified by the hippocampus. The major part of the cortex (neocortex or neopallium), which evolves later, has six distinct cell layers and covers most of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (see Figure 4.1).1 In AD, there is progressive neurodegeneration that typically follows this architectonic order, with early involvement of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and later involvement of the neocortex, particularly highorder association cortices of the temporal, frontal, and parietal regions,2 sparing the primary motor, sensory and visual cortex (unimodal cortices) until late in the disease.
ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
All of the CEREBRAL CORTEX is organized in layers: the NEOCORTEX has six layers, the JUXTALLOCORTEX four or five and the ALLOCORTEX three. The six layers of the neocortex (which makes up about 90% of the cortical mass) have distinct compositions and functions: they are numbered from the outside in. Layer 1 is the outermost layer, immediately below the PIA MATER. It contains relatively few neuronal cell bodies, being made up mostly of GLIAL CELLS and the axons of neurons that run laterally through it. Layers 2 and 3 are associative areas; layer 4 is the input region. Layers 5 and 6 are output layers: layer 5 is the larger, sending output to the BASAL GANGLIA, BRAIN STEM and SPINAL CORD; layer 6 has projections to the THALAMUS. Below layer 6 is WHITE MATTER. Two other important points have to be borne in mind: (1) the thickness of the various layers is different in different parts of the cortex, largely dependent on the function of the particular part of the cortex in question; for example, layer 4 is especially large in sensory areas, layer 5 in motor, (2) the cortical layers are composed of two types of neuron, PYRAMIDAL NEURONS and NON-PYRAMIDAL NEURONS.
The possible protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and folic acid in combination against aspartame-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity in adult male rats: a light and transmission electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2018
Hala F. Abd-Ellah, Nadia R. A. Abou-Zeid, Nadia M. Nasr
By light microscopy, using H&E-stained sections, the cerebral cortices of group I (control rats) and group II (rats treated with NAC+FA) are similar and showed their well-known normal general histological architecture. The cerebral cortex is covered by pia matter and is formed of six layers from outside inwards. These layers are the outer molecular layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, internal pyramidal layer and finally the multiform layer (Figure 1(a)). The common cells inside these layers are the nerve cells (especially pyramidal cells) and granule cells, in addition to neuroglial cells (Figure 1(a,b)). The nerve cells have large rounded vesicular nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, and processes (Figure 1(b)). Granule cells appear with open face vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (Figure 1(b)). The pink-stained background; the neuropil, contains nerve fibers, scattered small-sized neuroglial cells, and blood vessels (Figure 1(a,b)).
Re-conceptualizing postural control assessment in sport-related concussion: Transitioning from the reflex/hierarchical model to the systems model
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Thaer S. Manaseer, Douglas P. Gross, Martin Mrazik, Kathryn Schneider, Jackie L. Whittaker
According to the Reflex/Hierarchical Model, postural control is a simple skill that is controlled by one neurophysiological system (Horak, 2006). The system consists of afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways (Guskiewicz, 2011). Specifically, afferent pathways carry sensory cues from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory mechanisms to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (i.e. cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord) processes and hierarchically integrates the sensory cues. The spinal cord represents the lowest level of the hierarchy and is involved in the initial processing of somatosensory information, and the reflex and voluntary control of posture through the motor neurons (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott, 2007). Feedback based on the processed sensory cues travels along the efferent pathway to different muscles responsible for postural control and directs them to contract appropriately (Guskiewicz, 2011).
Sex specific effect of gut microbiota on the risk of psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomisation study and PRS analysis using UK Biobank cohort
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Xin Qi, Fanglin Guan, Shiqiang Cheng, Yan Wen, Li Liu, Mei Ma, Bolun Cheng, Chujun Liang, Lu Zhang, Xiao Liang, Ping Li, Xiaomeng Chu, Jing Ye, Yao Yao, Feng Zhang
Brain is recognised as the centre of nervous system in humans. Brain function is controlled and realised through interconnecting neurons arranged in cerebral cortex and deep brain nuclei (Larvie and Fischl 2016). Psychiatric disorders are a group of syndromes affecting mood, thinking and behaviour of individuals, such as bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and major depressive disorders (MDD). Neurological disorders are the dysfunction of nerve system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. The previous literatures suggested that genetic factors have a vital role in aetiology of psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics et al. 2013; Han et al. 2014). 29.2% and 6% of population were discovered to show psychiatric disorder and neurological disorder, respectively, which were higher than other common diseases (MacDonald et al. 2000; Steel et al. 2014). Neurological disorders displayed a component of 6.3% to global burden of disease, and psychiatric and neurological disorders cause a substantial and heavy financial and medical burden to patients and caregivers (OWH 2010; Sagar et al. 2020).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Allocortex
- Cerebral Hemisphere
- Corpus Callosum
- Neocortex
- Nervous Tissue
- Cerebrum
- Brain
- Cortex
- Longitudinal Fissure
- Neuron