Order Nidovirales
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier in Virus-Like Particles, 2022
In contrast to the well-known human betacoronaviruses that are described later, the human alphacoronaviruses including human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) cause mainly mild infections of the upper respiratory tract (van der Hoek et al. 2004), while SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for severe disease with high morbidity and mortality rate, as reviewed by Vellingiri et al. (2020). Moreover, the importance of the studies in human alphacoronaviruses is growing due to the established facts that the preexisting HCoV-NL63 antibody response is cross reacting with SARS-CoV-2 (Simula et al. 2020). It was suggested accordingly by the authors that the previous exposure to HCoV-NL63 epitopes would produce antibodies that could confer a protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and probably reduce the severity of the disease.
Rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Tiantian Sun, Liyun Guo, Fei Tian, Tiantian Dai, Xiaohong Xing, Junqing Zhao, Qiang Li
Of the four genera in the coronavirus subfamily [1], Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus infect mammals, and Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus mostly infect birds [2]. Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) both cause disease in humans and belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belong to the Betacoronavirus genus, of which HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses responsible for common colds [3]. Some studies have shown a close relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS coronavirus that infects bats and to SARS-CoV. However, the change in the minimum receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more significant, thus enhancing the virus’s ability to spread [4,5,6,7]. It has been reported that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to bind to the surface protein of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Compared with the SARS virus, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a 10–20 times higher affinity for ACE2, which is mainly distributed throughout the lungs, heart, kidneys, testes, and digestive tract [8,9]. SARS-CoV-2 transmission is mainly via droplets, followed by aerosol and fecal-oral transmission [10,11].
Molecular detections of coronavirus: current and emerging methodologies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mingkun Diao, Lang Lang, Juan Feng, Rongsong Li
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already claimed more than 3 million deaths worldwide so far. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus Coronavirus, which widely exist in nature with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA as their genetic material. Seven coronaviruses have been identified to cause respiratory diseases in human, including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 [1]. In the past two decades, the spreading of coronavirus caused three epidemics with severe symptoms and high mortality rates in patients. The SARS-CoV in late 2002, upon identified in China, quickly spread to Southeast Asia and other regions in the world. This epidemic was gradually eliminated by mid-2003 and had a mortality rate around 10% [2]. The MERS-CoV outbreak was firstly identified in Saudi Arabia in September, 2012, and quickly spread to Mid-east Asia, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, then ended in May, 2015. It had more than 1000 confirmed cases with a striking mortality rate of more than 35% [3]. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in late 2019 [4]. Though the fatality rate for the ongoing pandemic is less as compared to SARS and MERS, it is much more contagious and led to far more total deaths [5].
Ocular manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
Karan Vansjalia, Rahul Pawa, Saloni Pandya, Brian Yu, Monali S. Malvankar-Mehta
On January 30th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. This virus emerged from Wuhan, China and causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [2]. As of June 24th, 2020, there have been over 9.1 million cases worldwide, with more than 473,000 deaths in over 200 countries and territories [1]. Comparisons have been made to the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2014 and the human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) [3]. The 2004 and 2005 outbreak of HCoV-NL63 displayed conjunctivitis symptoms in 17% of the infected cases, primarily in infants and children [4]. Moreover, various respiratory viruses have been established to cause ocular manifestations [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alphacoronavirus
- Coronavirus
- Rna
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
- Viral Envelope
- Setracovirus
- Sense
- Rna Virus
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infection