Vitamins, trace elements and metals
Martin Andrew Crook in Clinical Biochemistry & Metabolic Medicine, 2013
The water-soluble vitamins are: the B complex: – thiamine (B1),– riboflavin (B2),– nicotinamide (niacin),– pyridoxine (B6),– folate (pteroylglutamate),– the vitamin B12 complex (cobalamins),– biotin and pantothenate,ascorbate (vitamin C).
Nutrition for health and sports performance
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Although essential to our diet they are needed in tiny amounts relative to the volume of food we consume each day. With a few exceptions, such as the need for pregnant women to supplement their diet with folic acid (which has been shown to decrease the chances of a child developing a neural tube defect) a healthy balanced diet should provide all our vitamin requirements. The vitamin and dietary supplements industry is worth millions of dollars around the world and yet with a balanced diet we should be able to meet all our vitamin needs from our diet. We need to be particularly careful about the levels of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) we consume. By taking a vitamin supplement we may consume more water-soluble vitamins than our bodies need, but we can excrete them from our bodies in our urine. This is not possible with vitamins A, D, E and K. There is a danger of us encountering a toxic reaction (vitamin toxicosis) if we include too many of these vitamins in our diet through supplementation.
Science and Lactation
Frank Falkner in Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide:, 2021
What has been said above refers to average milk from healthy mothers and it can not be assumed that all breast milk is therefore nutritionally adequate. A proportion of women, perhaps a considerable proportion in some societies, do not have sufficient fat in the milk to satisfy the energy needs of their infant, and other specific deficiencies are on record. Inadequate quantities of water soluble vitamins will occur if the mother is deficient, and this can occur even in the absence of overt deficiency. For example, Vitamin B12 deficiency has been described in a 5-month old baby breast-fed by an apparently healthy mother with latent pernicious anaemia; zinc deficiency, due to low levels in breast milk unresponsive to large maternal supplements, has now also been described for a number of infants (for example Connors et al., 1983) together with deficiency of chloride in milk (Hill & Bowie, 1983).
Mechanistic links between vitamin deficiencies and diabetes mellitus: a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Tajudeen O. Yahaya, AbdulRahman B. Yusuf, Jamilu K. Danjuma, Bello M. Usman, Yahaya M. Ishiaku
Vitamin C, otherwise called ascorbic acid or ascorbate, catalyzes several reactions, including collagen synthesis [50]. It is a water-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient because it can only be obtained from diets (the body does not synthesize it) [51]. Like most mammals and some other animals, humans are unable to produce vitamin C due to mutations in the gene called L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GLO), which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of vitamin C biosynthesis [52]. Vitamin C reduces free radical-mediated oxidation processes and thus can be referred to as an antioxidant [53]. It is not common to be chronically deficient in vitamin C because it is abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables [54]. However, certain traditional cooking practices, processed foods, and staple foods such as grains that contribute minute vitamin C to diets may reduce vitamin C levels [55]. Environmental factors, including geographic region, season, climate, as well as pollution (which increases oxidative stress) may also lower vitamin C levels [55]. Other factors that deplete serum vitamin C include physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, certain diseases, sex, age, race, and low socioeconomic status [55].
The Relation between Changes in Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 Levels, Body Mass Index and Outcome in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Elad Malik, Lihi Rozner, Miriam Adelson, Shaul Schreiber, Einat Peles
However, we did find possible association between low BMI and low Vitamin B12, as MMT patients who tested positive for cocaine or amphetamines at admission had lower vitamin B12 levels as well as a lower BMI. Since both methamphetamine and cocaine are stimulants, their usage can cause an appetite-suppressant activity, consistent with the BMI differences in our study. Therefore, lower food consumption may cause the vitamin deficiency in users (Aguinaga et al. 2019; Murphy 2005). Similar to our findings, Zhai et al. (2018) tested the connection between vitamin B12 levels and the use of methamphetamines, and found lower vitamin B12 levels in participants with methamphetamine use disorder in comparison with the healthy control group. In addition, that study presented a negative correlation between serum vitamin B12 levels and the number of relapses, and that low vitamin B12 levels were associated with the addiction severity of the participants (Zhai et al. 2018). However, BMI was not studied by these researchers.
Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jaqueline G. Borges-Vieira, Camila K. Souza Cardoso
When it comes to vitamin D, it is critical to be aware that overdose can be toxic. Excessive supplementation for too long can inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH), culminating in increased calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and hypercalcemia. This condition can cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle asthenia, joint pains, polyuria, dehydration [116]. Due to hypervitaminosis D, the increased risk of tissue calcification, especially of coronary vessels and heart valves, is investigated, but current findings remain controversial [117]. The current DRI [83] is 600 IU/day for 19–70 years, or 800 IU/day for 71 years and older, with the UL considered safe for an intake of 4,000 IU/day for men and women — although higher doses with individualized frequency can be performed in clinical practice under supervision [118]. Lastly, consider that Vitamin D supplementation should be based on the personal vitamin D response as some genetic variations (like the MTHFR gene on vitamins B) may also influence vitamin D metabolization and, thereby, the response to supplementation and the vitamin D status based on 25(OH)D3 serum measurements [119,120].
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