Nutraceuticals and Anaemia in Pregnancy
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak in Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Various micronutrients are supplied by food. The food sources are animal sources (for vitamin B12 and iron), fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and eggs (for folate). Animal sources are the richest dietary source of various micronutrients, with the only dietary source of heam iron and vitamin B12 being animal sources. Meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of iron. Because of this, there is an increase in the deficiency of iron and vitamin B12 in vegetarians. Globally, the prevalence of vitamin B12-deficiency is high in countries with a high number of vegetarians as compared to countries with a high number of non-vegetarians. Plant sources such as legumes and maize are high in non-heam iron. Other iron-rich sources are tortillas and beans (Allen 2008). Dietary products as a good source of folate are vegetables, beans, chickpeas, and fruits (Table 7.3) (Partearroyo et al. 2017). Less folate content is found in cereals, milk, and meat (Allen 2008).
Changing priorities in nutrition
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Essential nutrients are split into two major categories. The macronutrients – carbohydrates, fats and protein are required in relatively large quantities and are the main sources of dietary energy. Within the fats category, small amounts of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids are specifically essential and needed for vitamin-like functions; one of them was originally designated vitamin F. Within the protein component, nine or ten amino acids are termed essential because they are needed for protein synthesis and cannot be made from the other 10/11 so-called non-essential amino acids; some are also needed in other synthetic pathways. We can synthesise glucose from some amino acids and from the glycerol component of fat, but in most healthy diets, carbohydrates would be expected to provide more than half of the calories.The micronutrients – vitamins and minerals are only required in small (milligram or microgram) quantities and do not act as sources of energy. There are 13 vitamins and 15 unequivocally established essential minerals.
Vitamins and minerals
Jay R Hoffman in Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Given the stress placed on metabolic pathways through exercise, and the involvement of several micronutrients in the biochemical adaptations that occur as a result of training, a greater micronutrient intake may be required in athletes (128). Furthermore, athletes that restrict energy intake to meet or maintain optimal body composition or specific weight classifications may have an inadequate intake of essential micronutrients due to extreme dieting techniques (37). Other athletes, including cyclists, swimmers, rowers, soccer athletes, triathletes and biathletes have been shown to have inadequate daily intake of several vitamins and minerals (5, 46, 90, 100, 125, 140). The most common micronutrients that are under consumed are vitamins A, D and E, folate, calcium, magnesium and zinc (46, 90, 100, 125). Additionally, female athletes appear to be at a greater risk of inadequate intakes of iron and calcium when compared to their male counterparts (31, 100). Given that daily MVMS provide adequate intake of various micronutrients (13, 125, 140), the use of MVMS in athletes may reduce the risk of micronutrient deficiencies. The DRI, physiological actions and deficiency/inadequacy concerns associated with common vitamins and minerals are summarized in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Brazil nut prevents oxidative DNA damage in type 2 diabetes patients
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Tamires Pavei Macan, Thais Aquino de Amorim, Adriani Paganini Damiani, Ângela Caroline da Luz Beretta, Marina Lummertz Magenis, Thais Ceresér Vilela, João Paulo Teixeira, Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
The Comet assay proved to be a simple and sensitive method for assessing potential effects of antioxidants in vivo and ex vivo, as previously reported (Collins et al. 2001). Our results showed that cells were more resistant to H2O2-induced DNA damage after six months of supplementation with Brazil nuts. Since an increase in serum Se concentrations is directly associated with an increase in GPx and GSH levels, we suggest that Brazil nut consumption helps to inhibit oxidation by H2O2 and lipid peroxides (Thomson et al. 2008, Cominetti et al. 2011). Besides that, studies suggested that Se at an optimal concentration promotes DNA repair (Fischer et al. 2007, Kumar et al. 2010) and inhibits DNA damage through its metal binding capacity (Battin et al. 2011). Our results are in accordance with a recent meta-analysis conducted by Ju et al. (2017), in which Se supplementation reduced oxidative stress. We also observed a negative correlation between Se levels and DNA damage, e.g., the higher the serum Se levels in T2D patients, the lower the DNA damage. It is important to emphasized also that antioxidants other than Se may occur in Brazil nuts and may have contributed to the observed effect. Moreover, the micronutrients consumption through food source has better bioavailability than isolated forms.
Nonadherence to Micronutrient Supplementation After Bariatric Surgery: Results from an Italian Internet-Based Survey
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Antonella Santonicola, Giuseppina Cersosimo, Luigi Angrisani, Mario Gagliardi, Luca Ferraro, Paola Iovino
The most forgotten medication was the multivitamins tablets and about 11% of the sample considered the high costs of supplementation as the main reason of nonadherence. In Italy, in fact, most parts of supplementation, especially multivitamins tablets are not reimbursed by the national health care insurance. Possibly, this problem is more widespread than expected, since it is revealed also in the survey conducted in UK (26); however, the difference in reimbursement between UK and Italy might explain partially the difference in adherence. Among patients who stated that they did not take micronutrient supplementations, the most common reported symptoms were fatigue and hair loss suggesting that these symptoms might be the consequence of nonadherence. However, the design of the study does not allow to confirm this hypothesis.
The relationship between serum zinc levels and myopia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Niamh Burke, John S Butler, Ian Flitcroft, James Loughman
Micronutrient status is influenced by a plethora of factors. Differences in trace element concentration could result from soil, geographical location, food preparation, ethnic differences in body composition, genetics, cultural practices and even seasonal variation.35 In this study, all serum zinc measurements were found to be within the normal range, and mean serum zinc levels of participants was higher than in other study populations, as measured by the same or different methods.36,37 Previous studies have suggested that Koreans have a poorer zinc status when compared to Western countries. A study which looked at dietary zinc intake and serum zinc status of Koreans living in rural, urban and metropolitan areas of South Korea, reported zinc intakes lower than the Korean recommended daily allowance; it was also suggested that marginal zinc deficiency may be prevalent.38 However, interestingly, within each region plasma serum zinc measurements were within normal ranges (70–150-mg/l).38 Another observational study examined the bioavailable zinc intake in 841 Korean adults; similar results were described, with below normative zinc intake in 62 per cent of males and 50 per cent of females.20 These data demonstrate a discrepancy between dietary and serum zinc measures.
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