Assessment of Muscle Mass
Henry C. Lukaski in Body Composition, 2017
Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) measures the body’s impedance of a small electric current and is therefore sensitive to hydration status, functioning under the assumption that 73% of the body’s fat-free mass is water (Segal et al. 1988; Lukaski 1989; Esco et al. 2015). Further, although multifrequency, eight-polar BIA has been shown (Anderson et al. 2012; Esco et al. 2015) to provide reproducible regional assessments of fat and fat-free masses in the arms, legs, and trunk, compared with more complex body composition methods (i.e., DXA), it is not possible to delineate regional anatomical boundaries (i.e., manual segmentation). This fact limits BIA’s use in both clinical and laboratory settings (Esco et al. 2015). Additionally, the validity of body composition measurements performed by BIA is dependent upon whether the study participant matches the reference population (e.g., obese, elderly, children) from which the prediction equations are obtained (Roubenoff and Kehayias 1991; Buchholz et al. 2004; Fosbøl and Zerahn 2015). BIA has the advantage in that it depends minimally on investigator skill, is portable, and requires very little patient cooperation. This method does assume, however, that hydration status is constant and is sensitive to physical activity, body temperature, and menstrual cycle (Heymsfield et al. 2015) (Table 3.1). BIA provides another method to monitor body composition on a daily basis to determine any dramatic shifts and, using a standardized measurement protocol (e.g., hydration status), it is possible to obtain reliable results.
Physical and functional growth and development
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Currently in research, the most common methods used for the analysis of body composition are dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). As a scanning method, DXA can be used to estimate both LBM and FM, and both regional and total body composition. The body composition of subjects over a wide range of ages and body sizes can be analysed, however, due to the cost of the procedure and the size of the machine (Figure 7.5c), its use is limited to research settings. Utilising the fact that electric currents pass more easily through lean tissue (high water content) than fat tissue (very low water content), BIA captures the resistance between conductors to provide a measure of body fat. It is a simple, portable and quick method which involves standing on a small machine with bare feet and, depending on the particular machine used, holding a grip in each hand (Figure 7.5d). For these reasons, BIA has become a very popular method of body composition analysis which can be readily used in the field for the measurement of large subject numbers. A downfall is that several factors, such as temperature, exercise and hydration status, that are difficult to control in the field, can result in measurement error.
Management of Conditions and Symptoms
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
There are several objective measures of secondary lymphedema which vary in time to administer, associated costs, necessary equipment, and level of convenience. Current strategies include bioelectrical impedance or bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and volume measurements such as circumferential measurement (CM), water displacement (WD), and perometry. A clinical practice guideline (CPG) on lymphedema assessment from the Academy of Oncologic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association by Levenhagen et al.65 provided recommendations for the assessment of individuals who: (1) are at risk for lymphedema (Norman Questionnaire, the Morbidity Screening Tool, and volume measurements); (2) have subclinical/early stage lymphedema (BIA and volume measurements); (3) are in moderate to late stages (CM and WD); or (4) are in the early/late stages (perometry).65 Following a diagnosis of lymphedema, severity is labeled based on levels established by the International Society of Lymphology in Table 17.4.66
Association of Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms with Dietary Composition but Not Anthropometry in Obese as Well as Nonobese Individuals
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Barbara Klánová, Filip Zlámal, Aneta Pohořalá, Ondřej Slabý, Hynek Pikhart, Julie Bienertová-Vašků
Data on personal or family history of obesity, birth weight, age at onset of obesity, and its severity were obtained by a professional interviewer using a semistructured questionnaire. A positive family history of obesity was estimated as having at least one obese relative with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 in the close family (siblings, parents and their siblings, or grandparents). Both the obese cases and the nonobese controls underwent the same examination focused on their anthropometric characteristics; the subjects of the study were also interviewed with respect to their current smoking status and its history. These anthropometric measurements included weight, height, BMI, lean body mass, fat mass, body fat, waist and hip circumferences, waist : hip ratio, and skinfold thickness. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis using a BodyStat Ltd bioimpedance analyzer, Douglas, Isle of Man, UK with the subject lying in a supine position. Height was measured with a calibrated stadiometer and weight (in light indoor clothing and without shoes) was measured using a precisely calibrated set of scales (13).
Nutritional Assessment in Early Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients, a Cross-Sectional Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Pan Yang, Yaya Song, Xiuchen Jing, Yongqin Ge, Minghong Liu, Fang Tang, Ying Chen, Qin Li, Feng Wei, Yanqin Mao, Xiang Xu, Xiaming Zhu, Yin Lu
Body composition parameters were measured using bioimpedance analysis (BIA, In Body720, Korea), a quick, noninvasive method to estimate body composition (16). With the subject lying supine, four surface electrodes were placed on the patient’s right hand and ankle with BIA measurements. The main indicators of body composition measurement include Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI), Percent Body Fat (PBF), Appendicular Skeletal Mass (ASM), Appendicular Skeletal Mass Index (ASMI), Visceral Fat Area (VFA), Phase Angle (PhA). FM and FFM were assessed by the BI-Index (height in cm2)/resistance ohm using the Sun BIA equation (17). Low fat‐free mass index is described as < 17 kg/m2 for men, < 15 kg/m2 for women (15). PBF was determined as total body fat mass/total body mass × 100 (18). Normal values for FBF are defined as 15%–18% for men and 20%–25% for women. ASM was defined as the total fat‐free lean body mass from four limbs, and ASMI was derived from appendicular skeletal mass divided by height squared (kg/m2) (5). According to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) (15), a low ASMI was defined as ≤ 7.0 kg/m2 in men and ≤ 5.7 kg/m2 in women. A cutoff of VFA to classify visceral obesity has not been standardized yet; our study defined visceral obesity as an area of visceral fat > 100 cm2. PhA derived from BIA was determined as follows: PhA = arctangent (reactance/resistance) ∗ (180/π) (19). A cutoff value of <5° was used for the phase angle in females and males.
Variable selection and importance in presence of high collinearity: an application to the prediction of lean body mass from multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Camillo Cammarota, Alessandro Pinto
The main contribution of this study to the prediction of the lean body mass is the evidence of increasing allocation of importance of resistances with respect to frequency observed both in linear and random forest approach. A possible explanation is that this increase of importance is due to the well known fact that the alternate current penetrates into intracellular water of lean mass increasingly with frequency. We conclude that R250, the resistance at 250 KHz, could be selected as the most influential predictor, beyond anthropometry. It is worth of mention that for prediction of body composition the traditional clinical practice of bioimpedance analysis uses measures obtained at a single frequency, typically the pair R50 and X50 [7].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Composition
- Body Fat Percentage
- Body Water
- Dehydration
- Dielectric Spectroscopy
- Muscle
- Resting Metabolic Rate
- Adipose Tissue
- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging