Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Because some athletes in sports such as American football, rugby, and throwing events, and in the heavier classes for boxing, judo, and weightlifting, may range from 100–160 kg (220–353 lb), much thought must go into achieving these large body masses to ensure that LBM gains are optimized, and fat gains minimized. It should be noted that the planning should include not only physical training, but nutritional strategies as well. While increases in LBM may be the goal of a number of athletes, several considerations should be taken into account. First, it should be noted that well-trained athletes will almost always gain some fat while increasing LBM (74–76). Moreover, researchers have shown substantial gains in body mass are almost always accompanied by an increased body fat percentage (75). This may be further exacerbated if diets containing more fat calories are used for a longer period (25, 59, 220) even if the number of kcal stays consist. Thus, it would be prudent when one is gaining body mass to keep the fat content of food eaten to under 30% of total calories and ingest a relatively greater amount of unsaturated fats (70–80% of total fat intake).
Considerations of Design and Data When Developing Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models
John C. Lipscomb, Edward V. Ohanian in Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment, 2016
Significant sex differences in some tissues can also be a source of variability. The distribution of a chemical is affected by multiple factors, including fractional content of adipose tissue (reflected in body mass index), body composition, plasma volume, organ blood flow, sex-dependent differences in metabolism, and the extent of tissue and plasma protein binding of the chemical. Women have a higher body fat percentage than men [21.0–32.7%, respectively (11)]. Such a large difference would result in disparities in the rate and extent of the chemical’s distribution. Women also have a lower average body weight, a smaller average plasma volume, and lower average organ blood flows. Gender-specific values are recommended when incorporating a fat compartment, especially for humans. Other major sex differences exist in several protein groups responsible for binding drugs in human plasma. These differences are influenced by concentrations of sex hormones. Sex-based differences in drug metabolism seem to play a greater role in intergender pharmacokinetic variability than any of the other pharmacokinetic parameters (17). When data pertaining to humans or other species of concern are not available, values measured from other species, such as mice or rats, can sometimes be allometrically scaled as described later.
Applications of Fenugreek in Sports Nutrition
Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai in Fenugreek, 2022
An increase in lean body mass is known to contribute to strength and power development in athletes (Barbieri et al. 2017; Kavvoura et al. 2018; Zaras et al. 2020). The relationship between muscle architectural characteristics, such as muscle thickness and strength, power and athletic performance is known (Stasinaki et al. 2019; Zaras et al. 2016). Furthermore, the body fat percentage was strongly correlated with power output in Division I male hockey players (Potteiger et al. 2010), elite male and female elite wrestlers (Vardar et al. 2007) and Division III women’s volleyball players (Boldt et al. 2011). The correlation between power output and performance of athletes is also reported (Abe et al. 2011). Therefore, the increase in lean muscle mass and decrease in body fat percentage is highly desirable to increase the performance. In addition, the training method implemented by an athlete has a great impact on the amount of lean muscle mass and amount of body fat of the athlete. An increase in body fat, without a concomitant increase in lean muscle mass, may decrease acceleration, power and jumping ability in athletes (Jeukendrup and Gleeson 2004, 2010).
Beyond weight: associations between 24-hour movement behaviors, cardiometabolic and cognitive health in adolescents with and without obesity
Published in Child and Adolescent Obesity, 2023
Erin K Howie, Connie Lamm, Marilou D. Shreve, Aaron R. Caldwell, Matthew S. Ganio
The current study adds to the literature using FMD measures in adolescents by including both device-based 24-hr movement behaviors and cognitive performance measures. Both obese and non-obese participants were included for a range of bodyweight and cardiometabolic profiles. However, these findings need to be repeated in a larger sample as several participants had incomplete measures. These non-compliance issues have been evident in previous studies of adolescents in a non-clinical community sample (Howie and Straker 2016). Future studies may trial field-based measures of cardiometabolic health. However, field measurements of body composition may compromise validity. As a result of the small sample, adjustments for multiple comparisons and robust fitting of regression models to include additional confounders were not made. With a larger sample size, compositional data analysis approaches may be used to understand the related activity behaviours within a 24-hr time period, as physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep are inherently non-independent. (Pedišić 2014) In the current study, 5 participants who were classified as normal weight based on BMI z-score cutoffs were classified as obese from DXA results (Taylor et al. 2003). More detailed measures of body composition, such as body fat percentage, may be needed to better understand the effects of body composition on health. More sensitive body fat percentage measures can be used to inform adolescents and parents who may assume they are not at increased risk of health problems due to normal BMI status but are at additional risk from increased adiposity.
Effect of Green Coffee Consumption on Resting Energy Expenditure, Blood Pressure, and Body Temperature in Healthy Women: A Pilot Study
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Nilüfer Acar-Tek, Duygu Aǧagündüz, Büşra Ayhan
Baseline general characteristics of the female individuals were evaluated in Table 2. According to the table, average body weight of the individuals was 58.9 ± 6.06 kg, average height was 163.0 ± 4.11 cm, and average BMI was 22.1 ± 2.35 kg/m2. Further, 83.3% of the individuals were normal weight, 12.5% were slightly overweight, and 4.2% were underweight. Average body fat percentage of the individuals was 29.3% ± 6.64%, visceral fat coefficient was 5.7 ± 1.71, and average abdominal fat percentage was 32.1% ± 6.09%. Lean body mass of the individuals was 41.3 ± 3.47 kg, on average. Baseline intracellular and extracellular liquid amounts were 18.7 ± 1.54 and 11.4 ± 1.01 l, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were 98.5 ± 10.00 and 63.3 ± 10.21 mm Hg, respectively. Average body temperature of the individuals was 36.5 ± 0.30°C. Baseline REE and VO2 values were found to be 1299.4 ± 164.5 kcal and 188.3 ± 23.91 ml/min, respectively. The caffeine amount from dietary caffeine sources was 197.7 ± 105.90 and the 50th percentile value of usual dietary caffeine intakes was found to be 183.74 mg (Table 2).
Feasibility of smartphone application- and social media-based intervention on college students’ health outcomes: A pilot randomized trial
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Zachary C. Pope, Zan Gao
Decreased weight and body fat percentage, but not cardiovascular fitness, were observed within both groups. These observations, while not supporting our second hypothesis, demonstrated majority agreement with our first hypothesis and other recent randomized mHealth app studies conducted among college students.18,19 It is encouraging that inclusion in either intervention may have aided participants in weight and body fat percentage reduction. Weight reductions of approximately 5 kg have been observed to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 7 mmHg and 5 mmHg, respectively,52 decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases commonly associated with overweight/obesity.7 Relatedly, body fat percentage reductions to healthy levels for an individual’s sex and age have been cited as important to reduce the likelihood of developing metabolic diseases such as diabetes, among other conditions/diseases.7 Weight gain and body fat percentage increases have also been found to track from adolescence to young adulthood and onward,53–55 with college students having been shown to gain up to 4 kg of body weight within their first two years of college.56 Thus, low-burden, scalable, and practical interventions which are well integrated into the lives of the current generation, such as the theoretically-based technology-delivered PA intervention we implemented, may be efficacious in the attenuation or reversal of unfavorable weight and body fat percentage trajectories among this population.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
- Body Composition
- Body Mass Index
- Body Weight
- Epidemiology
- Pregnancy
- Adipose Tissue
- Triglyceride
- Physical Fitness
- National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey