Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Shayne C. Gad in Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The stomach is a highly variable in size, musculoglandular organ located between and connecting the esophagus and small intestine. In its dilated state, it is the largest organ of the entire gastrointestinal tract. When empty, the stomach does not make contact with the abdominal wall, but when moderately filled, it presses against the xiphoid and left hypochondriac areas of the abdominal wall caudal to the liver. In its completely filled state, the stomach lies in contact ventrally with the xiphoid and umbilical portions of the abdominal wall as well as the right and left lateral portions of the abdominal wall and reaches to a point just caudal to the umbilicus. An imaginary axis placed through the stomach traces out the letter “C” rotated 90 degrees in a counterclockwise direction. It is therefore simple to visualize that the stomach is positioned essentially in a transverse fashion, but more to the left than the right of a median plane. The stomach forms a deep impression into the caudal surface of the liver; however, when the stomach is completely empty, it can be located cranially to the thoracic outlet.
Diagnosis in orthopaedics
Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse in Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
The principal planes of the body (Figure 1.7) are named sagittal, coronal and transverse; they define the direction across which the body (or body part) is viewed in any description. Sagittal planes, parallel to each other, pass vertically through the body from front to back; the midsagittal or median plane divides the body into right and left halves. Coronal planes are also orientated vertically, corresponding to a frontal view, at right angles to the sagittal planes; transverse planes pass horizontally across the body.
Diagnosis in Orthopaedics
Louis Solomon, David Warwick, Selvadurai Nayagam in Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2014
The principal planes of the body are named sagittal, coronal and transverse; they define the direction across which the body (or body part) is viewed in any description. Sagittal planes, parallel to each other, pass vertically through the body from front to back; the midsagittal or median plane divides the body into right and left halves. Coronal planes are also orientated vertically, corresponding to a frontal view, at right angles to the sagittal planes; transverse planes pass horizontally across the body.
Patient-specific pre-operative simulation of the surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion using finite element method and Latin hypercube sampling: workflow and first clinical results
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
L. Bonitz, A. Volf, S. Hassfeld, A. Pugachev, B. Ludwig, S. Chhatwani, A. Bicsák
The planning was performed on preoperative CT scans, and the follow-up was based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken 4 months postoperatively. The volumetric data were segmented using ScanIP and transformed into the same coordinate system for superimposition. Using the CloudCompare V2.1.1. for superimposition, three bone areas were manually stacked, the zygomatic arch on both sides, the great foramen, and the sella turcica. For the best fit, fine-tuning was subsequently performed using the iterative closest point (ICP) registration algorithm. A median plane in the midline orthogonal to the Frankfort horizontal plane was constructed. For further analysis, we used only the vestibular surface shells from the dentoalveolar and maxillary bone formation by removing the other surfaces using the ANSYS SpaceClaim V19.2. Finally, we compared the spatial differences of the surface shell using a heatmap diagram and extracted from the deviation histogram the minimal and maximal distances from each side with the calculation of the modal values.
Finasteride and androgenic alopecia; from therapeutic options to medical implications
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Ion G. Motofei, David L. Rowland, Mircea Tampa, Maria-Isabela Sarbu, Madalina-Irina Mitran, Cristina-Iulia Mitran, Anca Pantea Stoian, Camelia C. Diaconu, Stana Paunica, Simona R. Georgescu
Understanding the various adverse effects of finasteride requires an understanding of the neurobiological substrate behind this response (48). The brain is divided by a median plane into a right and a left hemibrain. The two hemibrains are competitive, and only one of them (either right or left, depending on the function), also known as the dominant hemibrain, is responsible for processing cerebral functions such as emotion, language, hand preference, or sexuality (72). This asymmetric function, referred to as lateralization, is determined by neuromodulators which channel the environmental information to either the left or right hemibrain. Sexual hormones and pheromones act as sexual neuromodulators, with estrogens and female pheromones preferentially activating the right hemibrain, and androgens and male pheromones preferentially activating the left hemibrain (70–73). Moreover, studies have shown that heterosexual men and homosexual women show rightward cerebral asymmetry while homosexual men and heterosexual women show leftward cerebral asymmetry (74). Finasteride decreases DHT which plays an important role in modulating environmental inputs toward the left hemibrain, thus providing an explanation for the greater incidence of sexual impairments to finasteride in right-handed men. On the other hand, depression, which seems partly related to estrogens, would occur especially in left-handed persons (with a hyperactive right-hemisphere), the result of excessive activation of the right hemibrain by estrogens (72,73).
Vision with two eyes, the doctrine of the identical retina points
Published in Strabismus, 2020
I also found that fusion is only possible with very small differences in height, which are not nearly the same as for horizontal distances. In experiments of this type, it turns out that certain head movements make the fusion remarkably easier, specifically those where the head is tilted a little about its axis going from front to back to the side corresponding to the lower line. The mechanism of such a head movement is obvious. The median plane of the head is positioned differently relative to the images, namely that the two lines are in the same position relative to the head, that they are no longer parallel to the baseline, and can no longer be called horizontal. One can of course achieve the same thing by tilting the paper on which the images are drawn a little in the opposite direction. Through both maneuvers, the originally horizontal lines move in such a direction that they are, at the same points, at a similar distance from the line which is now parallel to the baseline, so that they form the same angle with it. This line, which has now become parallel to the baseline, is dotted in Fig. 6.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anatomy
- Coronal Plane
- Midsternal Line
- Abdomen
- Gestational Age
- Navel
- Quadrants & Regions of Abdomen
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- CT Scan