Early Organogenesis and First Trimester
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz in Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
The cardiac development in mouse and human fetuses are overall quite comparable, with similar atrial, ventricular, and outflow septation development. Cardiac formation begins when the two endocardial tubes merge, forming the tubular heart, which will then loop and septate, resulting in the four-chambered heart. Recent advances in technology has allowed for detection of some congenital heart defects in the late first trimester, ranging from atrioventricular canal defects, hypoplastic left heart, and transposition of the great arteries. Early limb bud and limb formation is very similar across vertebrate species. The limb buds are visible first along the embryonic sides, with establishment of the proximal-distal and anterior-posterior axes. Major abnormalities in skeletal development and growth such as skeletal dysplasias, achondroplasia, bone malformations, and missing limbs can be detected in early gestational ages. Genetically-altered mouse models have proven to be useful and facile tools to determine the genetic contributions of early embryonic development and growth.
Neonatal jaundice
Alison Edwards in Postnatal and Neonatal Midwifery Skills, 2020
Jaundice is the most common condition that may require medical attention in newborns: 60% term and 80% pre-term babies will develop jaundice. Jaundice is the result of the accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin which leads to yellow coloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Neonatal jaundice develops as a result of the breakdown of the excess fetal red blood cells, no longer required after birth, into haem and globin. At birth the liver is immature and intestinal function is decreased until feeding is established. The degree of jaundice can also be affected by gestational age and also by the degree of trauma suffered at birth. This chapter describes signs and symptoms of neonatal jaundice as well as assessment and management of neonatal jaundice. Phototherapy are commenced when blood serum levels of bilirubin are high.
Rheology of the Newborn and their Disorders
Gordon D. O. Lowe in Clinical Blood Rheology, 2019
A significant difference between adult and newborn cells is that the latter age considerably faster, lose more water and, being left with a higher haemoglobin concentration, they develop a higher internal viscosity and become less deformable. The importance of plasma proteins has already been mentioned, the data indicating that, at any gestational age, whole blood viscosity in the newborn is directly related to total proteins and in particular to fibrinogen. Hypoglycemia and to a slightly lesser extent hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are found in the hyperviscous newborn, though not all workers report similar findings. It has been suggested that some of the hypoglycemia detected may be spurious, since it has been shown that blood which is polycythemic has an increased rate of fall-off in glucose level after sampling. The outcome of the hyperviscosity syndrome cannot be totally independent of the.
Glycemic variability in continuous glucose monitoring negatively correlates with gestational age in very low birth weight infants
Published in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 2020
Izabela Szymońska, Mateusz Jagła, Katarzyna Starzec, Przemko Kwinta
Introduction: High glycemic variability is commonly observed in intensive care patients, both in pediatrics and adults. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between gestational age and glycemic variability in cohort of very low birth infants. Patients and methods: A prospective, single-center, open cohort study enrolled 74 very low birth weight infants with a mean birth weight of 1066 g. Continuous glucose monitoring system (Guardian Real-Time CGM®, Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA) was used to measure glucose levels. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated for glycemic variability indices and gestational age. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the adjusted effect of multiple glycemic variability variables. Results: The correlations between all calculated glycemic variability indices and gestational age were negative. In multiple regression analysis, all glycemic variability indices negatively correlated with gestational age and positively correlated with mean interstitial fluid glucose concentration. Conclusions: Glycemic variability in very low birth weight infants correlates with gestational age and mean glucose concentrations.
Bolus feeding has no effect on cerebral hemodynamics, irrespective of gestational age
Published in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 2017
Stefano Bembich, Gabriele Cont, Jenny Bua, Chiara Orlando, Donatella Di Benedetto, Sergio Demarini
Objective: By multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy, we studied if gestational age has any influence on preterm cerebral hemodynamics, during bolus feeding. Methods: Oxy-haemoglobin (HbO2), as cerebral blood flow estimate, and the ratio between HbO2 and total haemoglobin (HbO2/HbTot), as cerebral oxygenation estimate, were assessed in 40 stable premature infants, during a 10 min bolus feeding. Results: We found no effect of any of the gestational ages studied (25–34 weeks) either on cerebral blood flow or on oxygenation, during a bolus feeding procedure. Conclusions: Bolus feeding appears not to affect cerebral hemodynamics of uncritically preterm infants, irrespective of gestational age.
Presentation to delivery interval in women with early preterm delivery presenting with preterm labor: the effect of gestational age
Published in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 2017
Eran Ashwal, Shiri Shinar, Avital Wertheimer, Luciena Reina, Hadas Miremberg, Amir Aviram, Yariv Yogev, Liran Hiersch
Background: To evaluate the association between gestational age at presentation and interval to delivery in women with early spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD). Methods: A retrospective cohort study of women who presented with threatened preterm labor (tPTL) and intact membranes and had a spontaneous PTD
Related Knowledge Centers
- Fertilization
- Menstruation
- Ovulation
- Fetal Development
- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena
- Reproduction
- Fetuses