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Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Canning is a method of food preservation that involves heating food products in a hermetically sealed container (aluminum can, glass jars or flexible pouches) to achieve commercial sterility. A hermetic seal makes the can or container airtight so that oxygen or air does not enter and come in contact with the product during processing or storage. Commercial sterility is defined as the “degree of sterilization at which all pathogenic and toxin-forming organisms have been destroyed, as well as all other types of organisms which, if present, could grow in the product and produce spoilage under normal handling and storage conditions.” Industrial canning is carried out in a large pressure cooker called retort. The time and temperature are carefully designed considering the type of product, the size of the can, and the overall rate of heat transfer to ensure that commercial sterility is achieved. Typical canning temperatures are in the range of 115°C–121°C, and the resulting time and temperature combination renders products shelf-stable for at least 6 months and up to several years.
Preclinical Toxicology/Safety Considerations in the Development of Ophthalmic Drugs and Devices
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Robert B. Hackett, Michael E. Stern
The effects of sterilization on device materials and potential leachables, as well as, toxic byproducts as a consequence of sterilization should be considered. Therefore, testing should be performed on the final sterilized product or representative samples of the final sterilized product.
Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
The type of surgical procedure will dictate the specific instrument needs, however, purchase of high quality surgical instruments will be most economical in the long run. Cleaning and decontamination of instruments should be performed as soon as possible after use since effective decontamination is impaired if debris is allowed to dry on surfaces. Instruments should be dry prior to wrapping in order to prevent the potential for wet instrument packs after autoclaving. Guidelines for sterilization procedures have been published and should be consulted for appropriate practices.6 Proximity of the operating suite to radiology facilities is important for orthopaedic procedures. Radiographic equipment should be able to accommodate species of diverse sizes and be periodically maintained and calibrated. In addition, the room should be spacious enough to accommodate a portable anesthetic machine and a gurney for taking intra- or immediate postoperative films. Automatic processors are convenient for programs that perform large numbers of radiographs. It may also be useful to have view boxes mounted in the operating room in a location easily viewed by the surgeon.
Fatty acids, esters, and biogenic oil disinfectants: novel agents against bacteria
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Aruna Lamba, Jonathan Kopel, David Westenberg, Shubhender Kapila
In recent years, there has been a growing need to develop new and safe antimicrobial agents against various microorganisms in medical devices, the food industry, and storage spaces.1 Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents applied to nonliving objects to destroy microorganisms through a process known as disinfection. Disinfectants are distinguished from antibiotics in that antibiotics destroy or inhibit microorganisms within the body while disinfectants destroy microorganisms on the surface on living tissue and inanimate objects. Furthermore, agents used to eliminate pathogens on the surface are classified as either disinfectants or sterilization. The two methods are distinguished by the presence or absence of an endospore. Specifically, disinfection is the removal of pathogens while leaving endospores in place, whereas sterilization is the total destruction of both endospores and pathogens. Disinfectants are abundantly used in hospital laboratories and other health care facilities to treat different surfaces.2
Exploring Experiences with Sterilization among Nulliparous Women
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2020
Karina M. Shreffler, Stacy Tiemeyer, Julia McQuillan, Arthur L. Greil
Second, the data are now more than a decade old, and the participants’ sterilization surgeries occurred prior to the survey interview. In recent years, medical advances have resulted in new methods of sterilization surgeries (Powell et al., 2017) and increased uptake in long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) (England, 2016; Shoupe, 2016), which should expand women’s choices. Yet the majority of women do not receive contraceptive counseling in a given year, and racial/ethnic and social class disparities remain regarding contraceptive options provided and enacted (Meier, Sundstrom, DeMaria, & Delay, 2019). Also new since the data were collected is wider acceptance of the reproductive justice framework, as evidenced by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2017) committee opinion on sterilization. The opinion, which explicitly describes the potential challenges to ethical use of sterilization (e.g., honoring the wishes of young nulliparous women, recognizing that individuals can make decisions that they later regret, highlighting the potential of implicit biases to influence provider choices), is focused primarily on contraceptive sterilization surgeries. As our findings illustrate, other types of health treatments and surgeries can result in sterilization as well. Future research on how women and their health care providers make decisions about surgical procedures that result in sterilization could support efforts to ensure ethical care.
Free radical formation in chloramphenicol heated at different temperatures and the best thermal sterilization conditions – application of EPR spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Microbiological tests of chloramphenicol heated at three different conditions confirmed its sterility. The level of microorganism contents in thermally treated chloramphenicol at these conditions corresponds with pharmacological norms4,5. All three sets of conditions successfully sterilized the drug samples. However, presence of negligible microorganism level is not enough to perform sterilization in practice. Additionally, sterilization should not modify the chemical structure and the final product should not contain high amount of free radicals, otherwise may cause changes in the therapeutic interactions of the drug in the organism. For this reason, the chloramphenicol samples were analysed using UV spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy. The results of UV spectrophotometric and EPR spectroscopic analysis allowed us to establish optimal conditions for the thermal sterilization of chloramphenicol.