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Genetics at the Cell Level
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Valentina Lorenzi, Roser Vento-Tormo
Before we can study the cellular dysregulation brought about by disease, it is imperative to have a comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of the cells in the healthy human tissue. The human reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes and hormones and for accommodating and nurturing the fetus, all of which are highly regulated functions that require timely activation of distinct cellular phenotypes. Single-cell transcriptomics has already helped shed light on the diversity of cells present in the human reproductive system, including primary and secondary reproductive organs across various stages of development, and have hinted at the cellular mechanisms potentially underlying many pathological conditions.
Endocrine diseases and pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The epidemiology and natural history of endocrine diseases are such that they commonly occur in women of childbearing age. While major endocrinopathies often adversely affect fertility, and thereby in effect prevent pregnancy, the innate resilience of the human reproductive system, and the fundamental good health of most endocrine patients, assures that incidental pregnancies will frequently be encountered in patients with established endocrine disease. Pregnancy profoundly affects many of the endocrine systems and the laboratory testing upon which confirmation of disease relies; thus, physicians who treat pregnant patients are well advised to have familiarity with these alterations. Endocrine diseases may have adverse consequences for maternal, fetal, and neonatal health; likewise, the pregnancy may alter the expression of endocrine disease and as well may alter the interpretation of diagnostic laboratory testing commonly performed in nongravid patients. Additionally, pregnancy alters choice of pharmacotherapy and diagnostic modalities and reagents.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
The human reproductive system is susceptible to environmental factors which can produce a variety of adverse effects on the production of ova and viable sperm, on fertilization, and on implantation within the uterus, as well as on the growth and development of the embryo and fetus.
Association between dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) variants and infertility in the Turkish females
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Orcun Avsar, Nesibe Derinoz, Filiz Yilmaz, Musa Yilmaz, Umit Gorkem
Dopamine transporter (DAT1) is one of the key players of dopamine neurotransmission and regulates extracellular and synaptic concentrations of dopamine [18]. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in DAT1/SLC6A3 gene may be implicated in human reproductive system and infertility. In our study, 3′ UTR VNTR polymorphism of DAT1/SLC6A3 was not statistically significant in Turkish females. Therefore, studies with larger sample size should be conducted to determine the association between DAT1/SLC6A3 gene variants and female infertility. In the literature, there is no study investigating 3′ UTR VNTR polymorphism of DAT1/SLC6A3 in patients with infertility in Turkish population or other populations. Hence, the present study is the first one for investigating the relationship between DAT1/SLC6A3 gene polymorphism and infertility in females.
Traumatic Childhood Experiences and Psychiatric Outcomes of Adolescent Mothers in Turkey
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2020
Cilem Bilginer, Ozlem Bag, Berire Cekin Yilmaz
In this context, it can be said that there exists a need for new policies, including the monitoring of school enrollment rates, as a preventive approach to CM and new regulations that preserve the education-related rights of married adolescents in Turkey. In addition, the rate of school enrollment and the mean duration of education of the adolescent mothers in this study suggest that adolescents in the 8th grade represent the most at-risk group, and further, that preventive efforts targeted toward these adolescents involving accurate and adequate sex education that includes information about “childhood pregnancies, adverse consequences of these pregnancies, and prevention from pregnancy” should prove valuable. Today, in Turkey, the first lecture on the human reproductive system is included in the secondary school curriculum. Subsequently, a “Health Information and Traffic Culture” lesson is taught as part of the high school curriculum, which includes sexual development, although there is not a lecture on healthy sexuality and the prevention of pregnancy (Ministry of National Education, 2018). Additional lessons should be added to this curriculum.
Evaluation of toxicity of 4-octylphenol in TM4 Sertoli cells: an in vitro study
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Mingtian Zhang, Hyun Jung Park, Sang-Ah Seo, Hye-Ryoung Seo, Hyuk Song
Several studies have reported that 4-OP is a typical endocrine disruptor with estrogenic action, and that environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) has adverse effects on the human reproductive system (Mendis-Handagama and Ariyaratne 2001). Long-term exposure to 4-tert-OP exposure has been shown to disrupt androgen and estrogen synthesis and activity in bank voles (Hejmej et al. 2011). Furthermore, mouse Leydig cells exposed to 4-OP showed decreased secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone, and reactive oxygen species overproduction (Jambor et al. 2018). Similarly, OP exposure in juvenile mice was found to inhibit steroidogenesis via a decrease in the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the testes (Kim et al. 2007). Subcutaneous injections of 80 mg OP in an oil vehicle three times weekly decreased sperm production in adult male rats (Boockfor and Blake 1997), and the numbers of mitotic germ cells and pre-spermatogonia reduced in human fetal gonads during a three-week culture period with 4-OP treatment (Bendsen et al. 2001). In females, the proliferation of uterine luminal, glandular, and stromal cells, and vaginal epithelial cells increased in adult ovariectomized rats following subcutaneous injection of OP (Katsuda et al. 2000). Fetal exposure to weakly estrogenic OP enhanced the induction of mammary carcinomas in rats (Kawaguchi et al. 2010). Early neonatal exposure to 4-OP (50 mg/kg) by oral gavage caused delayed sexual maturation and decreased ventral prostate weight (Nagao et al. 2001).