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COVID-19
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
The COVID-19 virus has had a disproportionate impact on certain individuals such as those with diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, sickle cell disease, COPD, heart disease (especially CHF), autoimmune diseases, kidney or liver disease, cancer, blood disorders, immune disorders, and increasing age.16 These conditions all have a common intersection in that they have increased susceptibility to endothelial injury.16,17 Many of these conditions, such as T2 diabetes, have attenuated glycocalyx, a layer of highly glycosylated proteins that coats the endothelium forming a barrier between the endothelial cells and the blood to protect it from injury and infection.18 In certain conditions like diabetes, the thickness of the glycocalyx is markedly reduced increasing the susceptibility of the endothelium to injury and infection.18 The endothelial cell layer is responsible for modulating the body’s clotting processes.13 Infection and inflammation of endothelial cells result in vascular damage and a disruption of the clot protection function of the endothelium resulting in the observed heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots in individuals with COVID-19 infection, especially those less than 50 years old.13–18 In fact, in a study examining the pathology of COVID-19 patients versus H1N1 patients who died of pulmonary complications, COVID-19 patients had nine times the alveolar microthrombi as H1N1 patients (Figure 15.2).19
Multivariate Models
Published in Andrew B. Lawson, Using R for Bayesian Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Health Modeling, 2021
Examples of the second situation would be stages of disease severity, where each disease is an earlier realization of another. An example of this could be influenza-like illness (ILI) and influenza, where ILI is a precursor of influenza. Another example would be early stage cancer and late stage cancer. An example of the third situation could be the spatial patterning of T1 and T2 diabetes. These are known to have different etiology and affect different age groups but it could be important to assess how related they are via population level analysis.
Biologics in allergic disease
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Tara V. Saco, Farnaz Tabatabaian
Allergic disease treatment options for respiratory and dermatologic diseases have advanced over the past several years, i.e., targeting the mediators of T2 inflammation, IgE, and interleukins (IL)-5, -4, and -13. It is a challenge for the clinician to choose the appropriate medication for a given subject. Understanding the role of therapeutic agents approved to treat T2 inflammation makes this decision less daunting. This chapter discusses the biologic agents used to treat atopic disease that target T2 inflammation–associated mediators (Table 32.1). First, the central role of T2 inflammation is addressed.
Hydroxychloroquine improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity and organ dysfunction via modulation of lipid level, oxidative stress, and inflammation
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Mohamed A Hasan, Omar A. Ammar, Maher A Amer, Azza I Othman, Fawzia Zigheber, Mohamed A El-Missiry
The liver plays an essential role in maintaining systemic glucose and lipid levels during feeding and fasting, which were coordinated by highly tuned Kreb’s cycle via insulin and glucagon balance [20]. Hepatic lipid and carbohydrate biosynthesis increases in T2 diabetes, which contributes to hyperglycemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia [21]. The consumption of HFD caused a significant increase in serum lipid fractions, indicating disrupted lipid metabolism, which is a main indicator of insulin resistance in the liver and other organs with the development of fatty liver. The anti-lipidemic effect of HCQ is supported by a significant normalization of the blood lipid profile under the present condition, indicating normal hepatic functions. The HCQ+HFD group showed decreased TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels as well as increased HDL level, suggesting protection against lipid toxicity. These findings indicate that HCQ may regulate lipid metabolic disruption, which might be beneficial for hepatic and cardiovascular functions.
Timing of hormone therapy and its association with cardiovascular risk and metabolic parameters in 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced primary ovarian insufficiency mouse model
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Hyun Joo Lee, Min Jung Park, Jeong-Doo Heo, Bo Sun Joo, Jong Kil Joo
In Figure 3, the effect of E2 on metabolic parameters in the study groups with different initiation timing and duration of HT is evaluated. Serum TC was significantly lower in all HT groups than in NT, especially in T2 with the closest value to the control (p-value <.005); T1 and T2 showed similar levels to that of the control, but T3 had a significantly higher level of serum TC than the control (p-value <.001). Serum TG was also significantly lower in the HT groups than in NT, with the lowest value in T2 (p-value <.001). Similarly, serum insulin significantly decreased in the HT groups than in NT, with the statistically significant lowest value in T2 (p-value <.001). In the case of serum LDL, only T2 resulted a the statically lower level than those of NT, T1, and T3 (p-value <0.001).
Association of transcription factor 7-like 2 (rs7903146) gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2020
Hadeel Ahmed Shawki, Ekbal M.Abo-Hashem, Magdy M. Youssef, Maha Shahin, Rasha Elzehery
In the Italian population, TCF7L2 rs7903146 homozygous and heterozygous genotypes were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (OR = 2.3) (40). A meta-analysis found that TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant was significantly associated with the risk of diabetic retinopathy (TT versus CC; OR = 1.47, p = 0.000). In addition, there was a significant association between rs7903146 polymorphism and the susceptibility of T2DM with DR in TT versus CC and T versus C genotype (OR = 1.47, 1.21; P = 0.001, 0.011; respectively). While no significant association was found in East Asian populations. TCF7L2 may impair the ability to control glucose level, and chronic hyperglycemia may increase the risk of DR (41). T allele carriers of TCF7L2 (rs7903146) had a risk of developing type 2 diabetes and proliferative DR in T2 DM in Caucasian patients (42). There was a significant association between T allele of TCF7L2 rs7903146 and DR in Polish T2DM. However, after adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, BMI, HbA1c and diabetes duration. There was no statistically significant association of TCF7L2 with DR in T2DM (43). An Egyptian study investigated that there was a significant difference between CC, TC and TT genotypes of TCF7L2 frequency in diabetics with DR (30).