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X-Ray Computed Tomography and Nanomaterials as Contrast Agents for Tumor Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
Over the last decades, there have been rapid progresses in X-ray imaging, especially with computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, such as tumors, cardiovascular diseases, etc. X ray-computed tomography (X-ray CT) is the second most efficient and cost-effective imaging modality after optical imaging. X-ray CT is one of the proficient medical imaging modality using tomography generated by computer processing. Digital geometry processing creates a three-dimensional (3D) image of the interior of the body from a two-dimensional (2D) X-ray image. CT generates data, which could be operated, through ‘windowing’ process, to determine structures based on blocking X-ray beam. Apart from medicine, CT is also used for non-destructive materials testing. For example, in archeological field, X-ray CT is used for imaging the contents of sarcophagi, or the DigiMorph project that uses a CT scanner to study biological and paleontological specimens.
Collective making: Co-designing 3D printed assistive technologies with occupational therapists, designers, and end-users
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Leila Aflatoony, Su Jin Lee, Jon Sanford
Additionally, a critical factor in obtaining initial design requirements is to measure the user’s hand, which OTs can provide support. OTs used improvised tools/methods for taking measurements such as dynamometers (e.g., to measure the strength/endurance of the user’s hand for gripping/pinching items); cyclical goniometer (e.g., to measure the angle for moving fingers), and rulers/measuring tapes (e.g., to measure the circumference of her hand), which caused designers difficulties in applying measurements into 3D models. Triangulation of values, allowance for errors/tolerance are among ad hoc strategies that OTs use to take accurate measurements (Aflatoony & Shenai, 2021). Advanced 3D scanning and geometry processing technologies are promising in taking accurate measurements in custom design ATs. So, hand anatomy acquisition strategies and reverse engineering processes can be used as the preliminary step in creating a customized and solid model of the orthoses to be printed (Baronio et al., 2017; Volonghi et al., 2018). However, hand scanning procedures can be complicated to accomplish for patients with pathologies with hand deformities. So, utilizing appropriate support to immobilize and keep hands palm in an open position is necessary for accurate scanning (Baronio et al., 2017). These strategies can further support taking more accurate measurements contributed to creating customized ATs and.