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Occupational Hygiene Assessments for the Use of Protective Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Risk characterization is based on both the hazard characterization and the exposure. For example, the greatest hazard of working in a refinery is the danger of fire and explosion. Major fire is an extremely rare event (very low frequency), but the severity is so great that most companies are willing to go to great lengths and expenses to protect against it. This has included the mandated use of fire-resistant clothing by all workers as well as other measures. Another example of severe health effects is dimethyl mercury. Several drops over a hand wearing a disposable latex glove had been fatal.7 On the other hand, gasoline is universally recognized as a hazardous compound. It is extremely flammable and toxic. It contains a wide range of organic constituents, some of which probably exhibit skin permeability, toxicity, and carcinogenicity (e.g., benzene). Most would not argue these points, yet few of us use gloves when putting gasoline into our cars even though they are provided at most gasoline pumps. Even the gas station attendants in the few remaining nonself-service stations rarely use gloves. There are probably several reasons why gloves are not worn, including the matter of convenience. Nevertheless, a key aspect is that we consider the secondary contact (i.e., contact from the dispensing nozzle, not the actual fluid) and frequency of exposure to represent a trivial risk. This personal risk assessment is also greatly aided by the fact that gasoline is a familiar product with which almost everyone has had some experience. Nevertheless, we generally apply more stringent risk characterization at work.
The Host Response to Grafts and Transplantation Immunology
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The immunologic events associated with retransplantation are not the same as events associated with primary transplantation. The most obvious difference is the accelerated rate and increased intensity with which graft rejection proceeds, even with immunosuppressant treatments that are highly effective against primary rejection. Lymphocytes from unsuccessfully transplanted individuals will proliferate and generate cytolytic activity in culture much more rapidly than naive lymphocytes. This second set response, like all secondary immunologic responses, is the result of the presence of large numbers of graft-reactive lymphocytes available to the immune system upon secondary contact with the alloantigens. The minor histocompatibility antigens, which are numerous but appear to contribute relatively little to primary acute rejection responses following the stimulation of the first encounter, may also make a significant contribution to the immune response to the secondary transplant. Retransplant patients also frequently have high levels of alloantibodies which react with a large percentage of HLA antigens. Thus, finding a donor for whom a given recipient has a negative cross-match is much more difficult compared to a primary transplant patient.
Eczema-induced erythroderma
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Manjunath Hulmani, N. Srilakshmi
The pathogenesis of eczema-induced erythroderma is unclear. Currently, it is believed that the condition is secondary to an intricate interaction of cytokines and cellular adhesion molecules, which results in a breach of epidermal barrier function causing erythroderma. Atopic dermatitis, contact allergic or irritant dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and autosensitization dermatitis (e.g., stasis dermatitis with secondary contact allergy) can lead to autosensitization or generalization of the reaction [5]. Another study found that in erythrodermic atopic dermatitis, only VCAM-1 expression was significantly higher than in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis [6].
A standardized method for quantifying and characterizing repetitive head impacts in soccer matches using video footage
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
Tara Porfido, Jaclyn Caccese, Jessica Gutt, Conor Wentworth, Kerry Peek, Abigail C Bretzin, Carrie Esopenko
The SHUC includes 22 head impact variables divided into three categories: (1) Head Impact Mechanism, (2) Event Characteristics, (3) Game Characteristics (Table 1). Head impact mechanism includes variables related to how the impact occurred. Event characteristics includes variables related to where the event occurred, who was involved, and what occurred after the head impact. Game characteristics include variables related to the general details of the match, outside of the specific details of the event. Modifications included soccer-specific options for: 1) initial/secondary contact such as goal post, knee, and foot; 2) cause of contact such as heading duel, accidental collision, and tackle; 3) zone and field location to correspond with a soccer field; 4) penalty such as foul, yellow card, red card. Additionally, the position of the impacted player, the position of player who contacted the impacted player (if applicable), whether the impacted player was removed/returned to the match, loss of consciousness, field conditions, and weather, were added as characteristics. Operational definitions are included in Supplemental Table 1.
Use of technology for delivery of mental health and substance use services to youth living with HIV: a mixed-methods perspective
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Parya Saberi, Carol Dawson Rose, Angie R. Wootton, Kristin Ming, Dominique Legnitto, Melanie Jeske, Lance M. Pollack, Mallory O. Johnson, Valerie A. Gruber, Torsten B. Neilands
Most participants had access to mobile telephones and reported consistently high amounts of daily internet use. Therefore, we explored whether participants were open to using technology as a means of addressing both MH/SU challenges. Participants reported enthusiasm for use of videoconferencing with a counselor to address MH/SU. They noted the convenience, decreased transportation time and commitment of financial resources, potentially enhanced response time during crises, and avoidance of acquaintances or community members in clinic waiting areas. Qualitative interviews revealed barriers to using videoconferencing, such as the need for establishing rapport during face-to-face sessions with the counselor and lack of private space to talk. The need to establish rapport may be remedied by a combination of face-to-face and video-chat appointments. The lack of private space may be resolved by brainstorming potential community or clinical spaces that the individual can use for counseling sessions. Another challenge identified in our quantitative surveys was the high frequency in changes in mobile telephone numbers and breaks in service in this population. Similar data have been reported in prior studies (Mitchell et al., 2015). Providers will need to set guidelines related to this issue with their patients and collect secondary contact information, including social media information, to prevent patients from falling out of care.
Changes in complementarity-determining regions significantly alter IgG binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and pharmacokinetics
Published in mAbs, 2018
Nicole M. Piche-Nicholas, Lindsay B. Avery, Amy C. King, Mania Kavosi, Mengmeng Wang, Denise M. O'Hara, Lioudmila Tchistiakova, Madan Katragadda
Based on these assumptions, we hypothesized that modifying charges in CDRs might modulate this secondary contact. Calculated pI of variable domains from IgG molecules from panel 4, which differ by CDRs only, ranged from 5.22–9.41 (Table S1). We found that the higher the pI, the tighter the binding affinity (Fig. 8). Further dissection of the variable domain pI showed that higher pI of CDR domains L1 and L3 correlated with tighter affinity to FcRn, with L3 showing the strongest correlation (Fig. 8). Furthermore, the binding affinities of a subset of five IgG molecules from panel 5, differing by only one amino acid substitution in CDR-L3, showed that higher pI of variable and CDR-L3 domains correlated with tighter affinity to FcRn (Fig. 9). This suggests that charge modulation in the CDRs of variable domains may affect the FcRn binding affinity. It should be noted that the specific CDR domains that influence FcRn binding as a result of charge modulations may differ from one IgG molecule to another. We also examined the influence of the negatively charged carboxymethyl dextran matrix that constitute the SPR chips and likely mimic the negatively charged plasma membrane, and observed that the presence of the matrix alters interaction of some IgG molecules to FcRn, but not others (Fig. 11). Depending on local charges in the IgG molecule, it is possible that the matrix and (or) regions of FcRn distal from the putative binding site may attract or repel the IgG, and thus alter its affinity to FcRn.