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How Artificial Intelligence and IoT Aid in Fighting COVID-19
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, AI-Powered IoT for COVID-19, 2020
Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim, Mehmet Ozsoz, Fadi Al-Turjman, Pwadubashiyi Pwavodi Coston, Basil Bartholomew Duwa
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is currently the gold standard method used by medical laboratory technologies for the detection of COVID-19 in patient samples based on nucleic acid (i.e. RNA for viruses) (Li et al., 2020). Medical test kits are currently available worldwide. However, long protocol to install and run the test, false results, and high cost are some of the challenges of using the medical kits. In order to develop an alternative or confirmatory test, scientist turn to artificial intelligence techniques.
Precision medicine in ovarian carcinoma
Published in Debmalya Barh, Precision Medicine in Cancers and Non-Communicable Diseases, 2018
Shailendra Dwivedi, Purvi Purohit, Radhieka Misra, Jeewan Ram Vishnoi, Apul Goel, Puneet Pareek, Sanjay Khattri, Praveen Sharma, Sanjeev Misra, Kamlesh Kumar Pant
In 2003 with the publication of human genome draft, a new revolutionary phase of molecular biotechnology comes into existence, but still the value of conventional tools and techniques is not outdated. Validated mutations still screened by RFLP, probe based method or SYBR green-based approaches by utilizing real time PCR, or by micro-array. As discussed earlier, cancer has a tremendously multifaceted etiology and in the course of the development of the disease several number of mutations can occur. Thus, genomic sequencing has a great value but due to high cost still few laboratories process the sample by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microarray or by sanger sequencing. Genomic sequencing has made it possible to screen any mutation or variation if it has any preexistence that would make it more susceptible to develop cancer in their lifetime. For instance, mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes upsurge a woman's susceptibility for developing ovarian cancer in her lifetime to approximately 40% and 18%, respectively. Further, these high throughput sequencing platforms have the capacity to screen novel sporadic mutations in a very short time and with more precision.
Intervertebral Disc Whole Organ Cultures
Published in Raquel M. Gonçalves, Mário Adolfo Barbosa, Gene and Cell Delivery for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, 2018
Sebastian Wangler, Zhen Li, Sibylle Grad, Marianna Peroglio
In addition to the semiquantitative morphological assessment, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) represents a quantitative analytical method to describe the phenotype of the investigated cells (Figure 3.4).
Multiomic analysis of cytokines in immuno-oncology
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used method in molecular biology that began in the early 1980s. It is used to detect nucleic acid sequences using DNA polymerases and primers. In this way it can detect individual nucleotide mutations and can confirm gene expression [121,122]. Based on genetic analyses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the quantification of gene products can be estimated [123]. This is a widely used method for testing cytokines in tissues, cell lysates, cell cultures, and from biopsy materials obtained from patients. Most researchers use this method to compare the relative differences in cytokines between samples or more frequently to compare the obtained values of a gene transcript for cytokines after in vitro cell stimulation [45]. Hovewer, this method can also be used as a quantitative measure because the amount of fluorescence is directly proportional to the amount of product generated in the PCR cycle.
Combined intervention of 17β-estradiol and treadmill training ameliorates energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of female ovariectomized mice
Published in Climacteric, 2020
X. Li, L. Fan, M. Zhu, H. Jiang, W. Bai, J. Kang
The genome DNA of the gastrocnemius muscles was extracted using a tissue/cell genome DNA isolation kit (Bio Teke Corporation, Beijing, China). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed using fluorescent SYBR Green according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The primer sequences are presented in Table 1. 16S was used as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and LPl as nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mtDNA copy numbers were calculated by normalizing mtDNA copies to nDNA copies in the same sample using the 2−ΔCt method. In addition, total RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen). Aliquots of 2 μg of total RNA from each sample were reverse transcribed to cDNA. Real-time PCR was then performed to analyze the expression of MyHC-IIx in skeletal muscle. β-Actin was used as an internal standard. The expression of MyHC-IIx was normalized to that of β-actin in the same sample using the 2−ΔCt method.
Evaluation of different statistical methods using SAS software: an in silico approach for analysis of real-time PCR data
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Mohammadreza Nassiri, Mahdi Elahi Torshizi, Shahrokh Ghovvati, Mohammad Doosti
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most sensitive, important and reliable quantitative technique for gene expression analysis. It is able to measure small amount of primary of a template sample specifically and sensitively. This technique could be considered as a proper substitute for other forms of PCR in which they determine the final quantification products [1,8,14]. All of the real-time methods are based on detection of a fluorescent signal. The increase in fluorescent signal is directly proportional to the increase in the amplified product during the PCR. The amplification curve in this method has three phases: exponential, linear and plateau (Figure 1). In the exponential phase, amplification increases exponentially. This means that in this phase of PCR, products will ideally become double during each cycle (if efficiency is around 100%). The following equation describes amplification of the exponential phase [12]: