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Genetic Basis of Neuromuscular Disorders
Published in Maher Kurdi, Neuromuscular Pathology Made Easy, 2021
RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of patient samples has recently emerged as a complementary technique with very promising diagnostic yield. It uses the capabilities of high-throughput sequencing methods to provide an insight into cellular transcriptome and total cellular content of RNAs including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. It can also tell us which genes are turned on, what are their levels of expression, and at what time they are activated. It specifically facilitates identification of spliced transcripts, post transcriptional modification, gene fusion, mutation/SNP changes, and also finds differences in gene expression between two or more conditions. The latter is called the differential expression process.
Biology of microbes
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
There are a few differences in the processes by which eukaryotes and prokaryotes transcribe DNA to RNA. For the most part, they are limited to post-transcriptional modifications. In prokaryotes, no additional modification of the message is needed (except for some post-transcriptional modification in certain cyanobacteria and archeobacteria). However, in eukaryotes, a significant amount of mRNA is removed and not expressed since these are intervening sequences (introns); the sequences that are expressed (exons) are spliced together to leave the nucleus as a single mRNA molecule composed of several exons.
Exosome-transmitted circVMP1 facilitates the progression and cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting miR-524-5p-METTL3/SOX2 axis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Hongya Xie, Jie Yao, Yuxuan Wang, Bin Ni
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common post-transcriptional modification in mRNA, which controls the fate of mRNA by regulating various metabolic processes such as mRNA splicing, translation, and degradation (Fustin et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2016). METTL3 is a key member of the m6A methyltransferase complex, and is also a pivotal oncogene for tumor development in multiple malignancies (Zhang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018; Weng et al., 2018). SOX2 is a key transcription factor that maintains stem cell characteristics and endows drug resistance (Chaudhary et al., 2019; Mamun et al., 2020). SOX2 is identified as a downstream target of METTL3, and METTL3 is reported to maintain the expression of SOX2 by facilitating its methylation, thereby leading to the progression of glioma (Visvanathan et al., 2018) and colorectal cancer (Li et al., 2019). Here, METTL3 and SOX2 expression was increased in DDP-resistant NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the m6A modification level of SOX2 was also elevated in DD-resistant NSCLC cells. After transfecting with sh-METTL3, the protein level of METTL3 was reduced, and the m6A modification level of SOX2 was decreased, resulting in the degradation of SOX2 mRNA and the down-regulation of SOX2 protein level. We further observed that circVMP1 absence reduced the protein levels of METTL3 and SOX2 and the m6A modification level of SOX2 in NSCLC cells.
LINC00665 affects the malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer via the miR-148b-3p/KLF5
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Shenglan Wang, Chuanchuan Liu, Yongchuan Li, Jinwan Qiao, Xinling Chen, Jin Bao, Ran Li, Yanxia Xing
It has been reported that long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can present with different expression patterns in cancer. The lncRNAs exert their activities through a variety of complex molecular mechanisms (Peng et al. 2017), such as affecting the epigenetic activity of tumor cells in the nucleus and gene transcription and post-transcriptional modification of mRNA (Jathar et al. 2017). It has been reported that long intergenic noncoding RNA 00665 (LINC00665) is upregulated in OC (Gao L et al. 2020). A report on the potential mechanism of lncRNAs in lymphocyte infiltration showed that LINC00665 positively correlates with lymphocyte infiltration in OC (Wu et al. 2020). Importantly, LINC00665 has been documented to be a key regulator of many malignancies. LINC00665 has been shown to promote breast cancer cell metastasis by triggering EMT (Zhou JL et al. 2020). Dysfunction of LINC00665 plays a critical role in the progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma, and its down-regulation can reduce cell proliferation and invasion (Wang et al. 2020). Furthermore, LINC00665 is up-regulated in osteosarcoma, and its high expression is associated with a poor prognosis of osteosarcoma (Zhang et al. 2020). Although LINC00665 plays an important role in cancer, its regulatory mechanism in the occurrence and development of OC remains unclear.
Elevated Levels of Interleukins, Leukocyte Protein and Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide are Strongly Associated with Early to Mid-Stage of Pythium insidiosum Infection in Rabbit Corneas
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Lalit Kishore Ahirwar, Savitri Sharma
Unexpectedly, it was observed that levels of IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-8, and CCL4 mRNA expressions were diminished on 9th day post infection (PI) investigated using RT-qPCR but the levels were higher on the same day demonstrated by multiplex ELISA. The discrepancy in the levels of these mRNA and proteins could be due alteration in the steady state, short-term adaptation and long-term state changes under certain conditions.44 There is substantial evidence that suggest the role of regulatory processes in post-transcriptional modification of mRNA, translational changes in proteins and its degradation regulation. All of these can control abundances of protein and mRNA in cells.45 Sometimes, the rate of peptide synthesis and degradation varies significantly that could lead the mismatch in expression of mRNA and proteins.44 In 1992, Bar A et al found that the surface protein expression of CD15 was high, while the CD15 mRNA expression was low in myeloid-derived suppressor cells.46