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History of Brain Mapping and Neurophotonics
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Babak Kateb, Frank Boehm, Alexandra Jalali, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Vicky Yamamoto, Bahram Jalali, Derek Backer, Brian Pikul, Parham Yashar, Yu Chen
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience over the last few decades by allowing scientists to activate or inhibit specific neurons and monitor neural activity using light, without the use of electrodes (Cho and Li, 2016). The cornerstone of optogenetics was the discovery of light-gated ion channels and the development of the technology that uses photons in the visible and IR wavelengths to control neural activities. Since then, optogenetics has had a fundamental and dramatic impact on neuroscience.
Assessing the impact of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on biological systems: a review
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Ruwaidah A. Mussttaf, David F. L. Jenkins, Awadhesh N. Jha
Several studies suggested that mitochondria is the most sensitive component of cell to visible and near infrared light (Karu 1999; Karu et al. 2001) that result in increased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxygen species (NOS) and the induction of transcription factors (Hamblin and Demidova 2006). Moreover, PBM at red and NIR wavelengths stimulate increasing intracellular calcium Ca2+ (Irvine and Schell 2001; Santana-Blank et al. 2005; Karu 2008; de Freitas and Hamblin 2016), however, recent studies emphasised that blue (420 nm) and green (540 nm) lights are more effective in increasing Ca2+ when applied at the same doses (Wang et al. 2016). Many researchers suggested that the response of some cells to blue or green light interacting by light-gated ion channels, which enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx and other cellular processes (Kulbacka et al. 2017; Roska and Juettner 2017; Roska and Lagali 2018). The most likely ion channel is light-gated channel rhodopsin, because the action spectra of the channel rhodopsin family displays peaks in the blue-green spectral region (Schneider et al. 2015). The precise mechanism of laser-tissue interaction has not been completely explained, thus restricting the means to offer a clinical treatment protocol at present (Amid et al. 2013).
Every nano-step counts: a critical reflection on do’s and don’ts in researching nanomedicines for retinal gene therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Karen Peynshaert, Joke Devoldere, Stefaan De Smedt, Katrien Remaut
One such strategy is optogenetics where genes encoding for light-sensitive proteins are introduced into retinal neurons with the aim to let them take over the role of the lost photoreceptors[19]. The most widely investigated optogenetic proteins are variants of channelrhodopsin, a light-gated ion channel that initiates cell depolarization when triggered. Potential cell types targeted by this strategy reside in the inner retinal layers and include ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Interestingly, since the optogenetic approach does not require viable PRs, this strategy could be used to treat patients in advanced stages of retinal degeneration [20,21]. Following successful studies in non-human primates [22,23], several clinical trials are now underway[7].