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Interleukin-8
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Robert M. Strieter, Theodore J. Standiford, Mark W. Rolfe, Steven L. Kunkel
The ability of a cytokine to influence the production of another cytokine is important in immunoregulation. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B-cell growth factor or B-cell stimulation factor-1, possesses several properties related to lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and differentiation. However, it exerts significant suppressive activity on monocytes. Interleukin-4, in a dose-dependent fashion, inhibits the production of monocyte-derived IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 (Hart et al., 1989; Donnelly et al., 1990; Lee et al., 1990). Recently, our laboratory has shown that IL-4, in a dose-dependent manner, can suppress LPS-induced monocyte-derived IL-8 (Standiford et al., 1990b). In addition, this inhibitory effect was substantial, even if IL-4 was delayed 1 h poststimulation with LPS. Moreover, the suppressive effect of IL-4 was abrogated in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide). These data suggested that IL-4’s inhibitory effects were mediated through the generation of a de novo protein intermediate. Although monocyte-derived cytokines appear to be significantly influenced by IL-4, the production of endothelial cell- and fibroblast-derived IL-8 is not inhibited in the presence of IL-4 (Standiford et al., 1990c). In the setting of newly recruited monocytes, IL-4 can exert powerful regulatory effects in modulating monocyte-derived cytokines.
Macrophages and Their Potential Role in Hyperreactive Airways Disease
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
A fundamental tenet of immunology is that macrophages are required to process and present antigen to lymphocytes for the optimal development of a coordinated immune response. The interested reader is referred to a recent review for a more detailed discussion of this subject.21 Briefly, macrophages initiate lymphocyte responses, in part, through the elaboration of the monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which stimulates T-cell expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors and also promotes T-cell secretion of IL-2 (T-cell growth factor). IL-1 also assists B-cell production of antibody and B-cell proliferation. Subsequently, T-cells differentiate and secrete additional lymphokines with diverse functions. Several lymphokines have the potential to exert a major role in inflammatory reactions and humoral immunity to allergens. For example, interleukin-4 (IL-4) appears to be an essential factor for IgE synthesis in vitro by human T-cell clones.22 In addition, IL-4 is able to enhance the expression of IgEFcR on human peripheral blood monocytes cultured in vitro.23 Therefore, it is very likely that macrophage interactions with lymphocytes are important in atopic disease states.
Immunomodulation of Cytokines and T Cells by Biologicals in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Ravinder N. Maini, Marc Feldmann
As a cytokine synthesis inhibitor, which is expressed but in insufficient quantity in RA [28], IL-10 suppresses production of TNFα and IL-1 and up-regulates endogenous inhibitors of inflammation, such as soluble TNF-R and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) [56, 57]. In murine collagen induced arthritis, IL-10 suppresses inflammatory synovitis and joint destruction [58]. On the basis of these observations, recombinant IL-10 (manufactured by Schering Plough) is in preliminary clinical trials in RA. Interleukin 4, which is produced in low amounts in RA, is a further candidate cytokine in clinical development on the basis of its antiinflammatory activity and potential for deviating proinflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 responses [59].
In Silico and in Vivo Analysis of HIV-1 Rev Regulatory Protein for Evaluation of a Multiepitope-based Vaccine Candidate
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Samaneh H. Shabani, Kimia Kardani, Alireza Milani, Azam Bolhassani
To assess the cytokine induction of candidate epitopes, we used IL4pred (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/il4pred/) and IFNepitope (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/ifnepitope/) web servers. One of the critical steps in vaccine design is determination of antigenic regions that activate T-helper cells. There are various types of T-helper cells including Th1, Th2, Th17, and each type of T-helper cells generates specific type of cytokines. For instance, IFN-γ was released by Th1 and eliminates intracellular pathogens. Thus, identification of IFN-γ inducing T-helper cells must be done to design an effective subunit vaccine (Dhanda et al. 2013b). The secretion of Interleukin-4 (IL4) is the characteristic of Th2 responses. IL4 has a critical function in antibody isotype switching and triggers the generation of IgE (Dhanda et al. 2013a).
Pidotimod: a review of its pharmacological features and clinical effectiveness in respiratory tract infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Ning Zhao, Chuanhe Liu, Chunmei Zhu, Xiaoyan Dong, Xiuyun Liu
The pathogenesis of asthma results from a combination of factors, in particular Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance, IgE-dependent immediate type hypersensitivity reactions and eosinophilic infiltration mediated by overactive Th2 cytokine responses [15]. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), promotes local airways inflammation and development and progression of asthma. IFN-γ, on the other hand, helps protect against the inflammatory mechanisms which lead to asthma. Therefore, correcting the cytokine imbalance by regulating IL-4 and IFN-γ seems to be a promising approach for the treatment of childhood asthma [65]. Pidotimod has been evaluated in a number of studies involving children (aged 1–16 years) with allergic respiratory diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and bronchial asthma (Table 4).
Cell secretome based approaches in Parkinson’s disease regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Cláudia R. Marques, Ana Marote, Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro, Fábio G. Teixeira, António J. Salgado
The presence of abnormal aggregates of α-synuclein, known as Lewy bodies, in cell bodies and processes of neurons are one of the hallmarks of PD and might result in the disruption of different cellular functions involving the mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi or also the nucleus [99]. As previously mentioned, MMP-2 may partially mediate the degradation of α-synuclein aggregates [39]. Another study showed that the secretome of BM-MSCs had a neuroprotective effect in α-synuclein-enriched cellular and animal models, due to the induction of M2 microglia polarization (considered anti-inflammatory and constituted by phagocytic cells), which enhanced α-synuclein clearance. The authors concluded that interleukin-4, secreted by MSCs, was the mediator of this effect [100].