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Ion Channels in Immune Cells
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Devasena Ponnalagu, Shridhar Sanghvi, Shyam S. Bansal, Harpreet Singh
Even intracellular ion channels localized to mitochondria and other organelles have been established to contribute to immune cell activation by regulating key cellular signaling pathways, including mitochondrial pathways, as summarized in a recent review1. A family of anion channel proteins called chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins has been identified in the mitochondria of cardiomyocytes, in which these proteins were shown to be important in maintaining cardiac mitochondrial physiology117. Their function is also implicated in macrophage activation and the formation of inflammasome complex118–120. CLICs contain glutathione S-transferase (GST) omega fold and are therefore classified under the GST super-family of proteins121–124. CLICs are an evolutionarily conserved unique class of ion channel proteins that can exist in both soluble and integral membrane forms123–126. There are six main paralogs of CLIC proteins that are identified in mammals. They are referred to as CLIC1–CLIC6127–135. Some of the CLICs, such as CLIC5 and CLIC6, also seem to exhibit splice variation126. Other than mammals, CLIC orthologs are also observed in plants136, invertebrates137,138, and prokaryotes139, in which they have been shown to exhibit channel-like activity139,140. Similar to GST, some of the CLIC members, CLIC1, CLIC2, and CLIC4, exhibit glutaredoxin-like activity122. CLICs, through either their channel activity or other regulatory mechanisms, have been demonstrated to play a role in many of the physiological and pathophysiological processes125,141.
Apoptotic caspases inhibit abscopal responses to radiation and identify a new prognostic biomarker for breast cancer patients
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Maria Esperanza Rodriguez-Ruiz, Aitziber Buqué, Michal Hensler, Jonathan Chen, Norma Bloy, Giulia Petroni, Ai Sato, Takahiro Yamazaki, Jitka Fucikova, Lorenzo Galluzzi
Differential gene expression analysis of patient subgroups with good versus bad survival (based on 4 independent signatures of apoptotic proficiency) identified 11 genes similarly enriched in either of these groups, 8 of which had previously been attributed an impact on breast cancer progression or patient survival (Figures 5 and 6).34,37–43 The expression levels of these genes also conveyed prognostic value in patients from the METABRIC dataset (Figure 6 and Tables 1and 2), with the potential exception of CYP4X1. Of the remaining three genes, LTB failed to impact cancer-specific overall survival in the METABRIC cohort (Tables 1 and 2), while both CLIC6 and SLC7A2 were strongly associated with improved disease outcome (Figure 6 and Tables 1 and 2), although only SLC7A2 as an independent prognostic biomarker (Table 2). The molecular mechanisms whereby CLIC6 expression may positively impact on survival remain obscure. Conversely, SLC7A2 (which was enriched in patients with good prognosis) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects,50 at least in part linked to its key role in the immunosuppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.51 These observations lend further support to the notion that chronic, indolent inflammation in the breast microenvironment may support disease progression.