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Culture: Behzti, Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti (2004)
Published in Ewan Jeffrey, David Jeffrey, Enhancing Compassion in End-of-Life Care Through Drama, 2021
Some patients may not trust doctors as a result of abuse of minority groups in the past. An instance would be the legacy of the notorious Tuskegee syphilis experiment on African Americans which has resulted in many African Americans being suspicious of their doctor’s motives and so demanding life-prolonging treatments at the end of life even when they are futile.13 More recently, in Pakistan, the murder by the Taliban of healthcare workers administering polio vaccine was justified by the killers who claimed the medical staff were part of a conspiracy on behalf of the West who were experimenting on or sterilising the young patients.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Women’s Mental Health
Published in Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Lesia M. Ruglass, Women’s Mental Health Across the Lifespan, 2017
Linda Cedeno, Lesia M. Ruglass
Another formidable barrier to treatment among racial/ethnic minorities is lack of trust in the mental health system and service providers. Given a long history of, and ongoing experiences with, prejudice, discrimination, and systemic racism, racial/ethnic minorities may have strong feelings of mistrust of White service providers (Benkert, Peters, Clark, & Keves-Foster, 2006; Whaley, 2001), which may negatively influence help seeking and adherence to treatment recommendations. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment from 1932–1972, and the mass involuntary sterilization of racial/ethnic-minority women during the eugenics movement of 1929–1974, are two of the most prominent reasons cited for the mistrust of the health care system among African Americans (Benkert et al., 2006; Whaley, 2001). However, contemporary experiences with stereotyping/discrimination by service providers may also fuel feelings of distrust among racial/ethnic minorities. Studies consistently show that racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to report perceived discrimination within the health care system, and as a consequence may have lower levels of trust and satisfaction with the care received (Benkert et al., 2006) or avoid utilization of needed care altogether (Burgess et al., 2008).
Neuroethics in Film
Published in Eelco F.M. Wijdicks, Neurocinema, 2014
Unfortunately, the history of medicine is blemished by unethical research, notably the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, which studied the natural history of untreated syphilis. The participants were not aware that they had syphilis, and they were not treated with penicillin. Similarly, multiple radiation experiments on unwitting subjects are on record, and these are summarized in the report “Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens.” Most notorious are the Nazi human neurologic experiments that included head injury experiments in children, hypothermia experiments on captured Russian troops, and brain studies at high altitudes. Currently, clinical research is strongly regulated, and academic centers train clinical researchers through close mentorship. All research protocols are overseen by institutional review boards that demand close record keeping.
Implementing anti-Racist Strategies in the Evidence-Based Sexuality Education Classroom
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2023
The common sex education topics of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, and contraceptive options are also embedded in racism. The infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment from 1932 to 1972, in which White doctors allowed 399 Black men with syphilis to remain untreated to study the long-term effects of the disease on the body, is a well-known example of the gross overlap of sexuality and racism within STI research (Yarber & Sayad, 2018). STIs also continually impact communities of color disproportionately to their White counterparts (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2019b), not because of an inherent trait in people of color as some contemporary research still suggests (see McGruder, 2009), but due to a dearth of resources and information (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2019b; McGruder, 2009). The AIDS epidemic in the eighties and nineties in the U.S. similarly affected communities of color disproportionately and perhaps for this reason delayed a concentrated national response for so long (Hutchinson, 1992). Furthermore, contraceptive options have been tested on communities of color, often without their informed consent, or have been used to control birth rates within communities of color as part of the eugenics movement (Washington, 2006). Many other sexuality topics also have racial histories, but these few examples further indicate that the sexuality field exists both historically and contemporarily as a site of racism.
Racial Injustice and Meaning Well: A Challenge for Bioethics
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021
I am not suggesting that bioethicists were not concerned with informed consent prior to the Tuskegee Experiment. However, the Tuskegee Experiment takes its place among the pantheon of famous bioethics cases, alongside cases like Karen Quinlan’s and Baby M’s, as extraordinarily important teachable moments in bioethics that continue to shape bioethical decision-making, the historiography of bioethics, and how the field understands itself and its commitments. Meanwhile, the role of racism in the Tuskegee Experiment is treated as of the “long ago” variety or as of the “racism as anomaly” variety. In other words, either the racism of Tuskegee happened so long ago that it has little bearing on contemporary bioethics or the racism of Tuskegee was a departure from an otherwise reasonably just world. Paradoxically, the continuing infamy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment as a case study has contributed to the persistence of this dominant narrative of racism in bioethics. The narrative creates part of what philosopher Charles Mills describes as the epistemology of ignorance (Mills 1997).
What Now? Health Challenges for 2021
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
There has been resistance to vaccines among racial-ethnic groups also who associate vaccinations with being used historically as experimental subjects in unethical and illegal medical research and practice (see for instance the effects of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment in Katz et al., 2008). According to the CDC, differences in flu vaccination coverage have been observed among the various racial/ethnic groups in the US. Non-Hispanic white adults had higher flu coverage than non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and adults of other racial/ethnic groups. Additionally, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black adults had lower flu vaccination coverage than adults of other racial/ethnic groups. Lastly, Hispanic adults also had lower coverage than non-Hispanic black adults (CDC, 2020b). Additionally, there were differences in vaccine coverage from state to state.