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Hormones as Immune Modulating Agents
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Most peptide hormones and immunoregulatory neuropeptides are produced within the immune system, as pointed out repeatedly in this chapter. For a number of these regulatory peptides, good evidence exists that they are identical with their counterpart produced in the endocrine or nervous system, including biological activity. These regulatory molecules fulfill local autocrine/paracrine immunoregulatory functions and also act as messengers between nerve terminals and immunocytes in tissues. They are produced at low concentrations and for this reason do not exert a systemic effect. This conclusion is supported by numerous observations that pituitary function is essential for the maintenance of immunocompetence as well as by some deliberate experiments designed to elucidate the function of immune derived neuropeptides [151,397].
The Integumentary (Dermatologic) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Topical administration (direct application) of a drug involves passage of the drug through the epidermis and penetration directly into the dermis. Drug molecules may then be absorbed into the general circulation through the capillary network, allowing a systemic effect. Sweat glands and pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands) admit only a small amount of topically applied drugs.
Surgery and traumatology: Surgical management of severely injured patients when resources are limited
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
The so-called ‘compartment syndrome’ is a complex entity in which products from injured tissues cause swelling inside the fascia leading to increased pressure, impairment of peripheral circulation, and further death of tissue and systemic effects of trauma, including renal, pulmonary and circulatory insufficiency mediated over a complex system of pathways. The characteristic feature is the renal insufficiency caused by the release of myoglobin from devitalised muscle. This was previously thought to be the only systemic effect on this syndrome but, in fact, it is only a part of it.
The effect of oxytocin massage and music on breast milk production and anxiety level of the mothers of premature infants who are in the neonatal intensive care unit: A self-controlled trial
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
In our study, listening to music was found to increase the amount of milk more than oxytocin massage (Tables 2 and 3). At the same time, listening to music was the application that increased the breast milk quantity of the mothers more than oxytocin massage and control sessions. The review of the literature has indicated that there are studies addressing the effect of music and oxytocin massage on the release of breast milk separately, but that there is no study in which both of them are examined and compared together. By reducing the occupation of the brain, music allows the mind to relax, brain waves to reduce, more blood to go to the brain. The relaxed mind reduces unnecessary physical stimuli and is effective in the better functioning of the organism (Boşnak et al., 2017). Music is not just about senses. Therefore, it has a positive and systemic effect on human organism (Torun, 2016). Due to this effect, music may have increased the release of milk by relaxing the mothers’ bodies and enhancing the release of oxytocin. Oxytocin massage is thought to have affected oxytocin release, but as it was applied locally, it may have stimulated oxytocin release less than the music intervention. This is the first study in which oxytocin massage and music interventions are compared.
Cytokine storm associated coagulation complications in COVID-19 patients: Pathogenesis and Management
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Shreya R. Savla, Kedar S. Prabhavalkar, Lokesh K. Bhatt
The presence of an associated coagulopathy and/or the presence of certain anti-phospholipid antibodies have been recently observed in some cases of COVID-19 patients with multiple infarcts [125]. These patients have displayed evidences of ischemia in hands and lower limbs, and bilateral cerebral infarcts in many vascular areas [125]. On hospitalization, laboratory findings of these patients included thrombocytopenia, increased prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, leucocytosis, increased level of D-dimer and fibrinogen, and the presence of anti-beta2 glycoprotein IgA and IgG antibodies and anti-cardiolipin IgA antibodies. An important finding was the negative detection of Lupus anticoagulant [125]. These observations point toward a systemic coagulopathy. However, there is a possibility of the lungs being the point of origin of this coagulopathy, which eventually spreads into other vital organs. Hence, it suggests that the etiology of mortality may not be restricted to an uncontrolled inflammatory response but may also include a localized coagulation disorder, which eventually takes systemic effect. Figure 3 highlights the generation and types of coagulation complications, which develop as a result of SARS-CoV-2 mediated cytokine storm.
Modeling percutaneous absorption for successful drug discovery and development
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Hanumanth Srikanth Cheruvu, Xin Liu, Jeffrey E. Grice, Michael S. Roberts
Drugs are applied to the skin to generate either a local or a systemic effect. Topical delivery systems are usually designed to deliver the active ingredient to local tissue and are mainly used as protectives, cosmetics, pain relievers or to treat dermatological disease, while transdermal delivery systems are designed to achieve systemic absorption of the drug (Figure 2). Most topical products are semi-solid formulations (creams, ointments, gels, and pastes), liquid dispersions (solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and lotions) or solid powders. Transdermal products are mainly formulated as transdermal patches for controlled delivery of drugs such as nitroglycerin, clonidine, nicotine, and scopolamine. Three drivers have been recognized for a drug candidate to be considered for topical or transdermal applications [1]. Firstly, does the drug candidate have the appropriate physicochemical properties to be absorbed across the skin or to be retained in the skin? Secondly, does the new drug have sufficient potency and a sufficiently low clearance to be active at the site of action? Lastly, is there any significant advantage of topical or transdermal delivery compared to other routes of administration?