China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Selective Post-Translational Processing of Opioid Peptides in Cardioregulatory Mechanisms of the Dorsal Medulla
Published in I. Robin A. Barraco, Nucleus of the Solitary Tract, 2019
William R. Millington, Michael D. Hirsch
Like POMC, enkephalin neurons interconnect brainstem nuclei. Enkephalin immunoreactive perikarya and axonal processes are distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the NTS, particularly within the medial, intermediate, ventro-and dorsolateral subnuclei.10,13,14 A subpopulation of enkephalin neurons also express tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, presumably the A2 noradrenergic cell group which overlaps with medial NTS subnuclei.15 Retrograde tracing studies have further revealed that NTS enkephalin neurons densely innervate the parabrachial area,16 and unlike NTS POMC neurons, project further rostrally to forebrain structures, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala,14 and paraventricular nucleus.17 Enkephalin immunoreactive axons also project to the RVLM18 where, evidently, they synapse directly on catecholaminergic neurons which project, in turn, to the intermediolateral cell column.19 RVLM enkephalin neurons also project back to the NTS, reciprocally interconnecting the two nuclei;20 the NTS receives an afferent enkephalin projection from the paraventricular nucleus, as well.21 Thus, enkephalin neurons apparently function as both intrinsic, local circuit neurons within the NTS and in the reciprocal connectivity with other brainstem and forebrain cardio-regulatory sites.
Integrated physiology of the lower urinary tract
Published in Jacques Corcos, David Ginsberg, Gilles Karsenty, Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder, 2015
Naoki Yoshimura, Jeong Yun Jeong, Dae Kyung Kim, Michael B. Chancellor
Transneuronal tracing studies using PRV injected into the lower urinary tract also identified various areas in the brain (Figure 3.8).102–104,124 Thus, central control of voiding is likely to be complex. Injection of PRV into the rat bladder labeled many areas of the brainstem, including the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (the PMC); the medullary raphe nucleus, which contains serotonergic neurons; the locus coeruleus, which contains noradrenergic neurons; PAG; and noradrenergic cell group A5. Several regions in the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex also exhibited virus-infected cells (Figure 3.8). Neurons in the cortex were located primarily in the medial frontal cortex. Similar brain areas were labeled after injection of virus into the urethra and urethral sphincter, suggesting that coordination between different parts of the lower urinary tract is mediated by a similar population of neurons in the brain.102–104,124
Cardiovascular physiology
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Five specific sympathetic premotor cell groups innervate preganglionic outflow to all the sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla: RVLM, rostral ventromedial medulla, caudal raphe nuclei, paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus and the A5 noradrenergic cell group in the caudal ventrolateral pons. Of these, the RVLM cells have a crucial role in the control of arterial blood pressure, and their destruction produces dramatic hypotension. The RVLM premotor neurons send excitatory bulbospinal fibres to the sympathetic preganglionic cells in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord (glutamate may be the excitatory transmitter released).
Exploring of the Unpredicted Effects of Olfactory Network Injuries on Mammary Gland Degeneration: A Preliminary Experimental Study
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Erdem Karadeniz, Mehmet Nuri Kocak, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Kemal Alp Nalci, Sevilay Ozmen, Mufide Nuran Akcay, Nazan Aydin, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
Higher autonomic brain centers send their axons from several brainstem nuclei including the noradrenergic cell group, the caudal raphe nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area postrema, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and the locus coeruleus for regulating the network of mammary gland functions. These nuclear centers send milk-synthesizing and lactating information to both the chemical and neural pathways of mammary glands. The central autonomic nuclei are connected with the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and somatomotor system innervating the mammary gland.24 Parasympathetic impulses are probably carried by vagal nerves. Vagal nerves may have an important role in the development of secondary sex organogenesis in females.13 Erin et. al., speculate that vagal nerve hypofunctions or dysfunctions may cause mammary gland dysfunctions.14 Developing vagal hypotony could trigger depression, sterility, and milk production in reproductive and lactation cycles and immunodeficiency in breast tissue.15 Interestingly, because high vagal activity provides excellent immune system for breast, vagal innervation is required for enough production of immunoglobulin by the breast. It is an important knowledge that stress related decreased milk production may result from stress induced vagal hypotony.25 In the light of this knowledge, we provide that there may be a functional olfactory–vagal network in females and olfactory–sacral parasympathetic network in rats have important roles on mammary gland functions which has not been mentioned before.
Suckling induced activation pattern in the brain of rat pups
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
János Barna, Eva Renner, Antónia Arszovszki, Melinda Cservenák, Zsolt Kovács, Miklós Palkovits, Arpád Dobolyi
Other brain regions with markedly increased Fos expression were found in the lower brainstem (Fig. 4D and E). The area postrema (AP) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) both elevated their number of Fos-ir neurons to a particularly high degree after suckling as compared to fasted animals (increases from 7.95 ± 1.95 to 108.12 ± 19.41 and 10.59 ± 2.90 to 146.92 ± 24.37, respectively). The Fos-immunolabeled areas occupied a large portion of the nuclei amounting to their 17.71 ± 1.27%, and 14.82 ± 0.75%, respectively. The NTS includes the A2 noradrenergic cell group, which was activated by suckling as most tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive neurons in the area (69%) expressed Fos, and 22% of Fos-ir cells were TH-ir (Fig. 4G–I).