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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Naturally Occurring Flavoalkaloids
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Rashmi Gaur, Jyoti Gaur, Nikhilesh Kumar
Kanchanapoom et al. (2002) identified (+)-lotthanongine (54) in the roots of Trigonostemon reidioides Craib, a shrub found in Southeast Asia which is used in traditional medicines due to its antiseptic and emetic properties and thus could be useful in treating mycetism (Figure 21.2). Vepsalainen et al. (2005) isolated yuremamine from the stem bark of Mimosa tenuiflora Willd. The plant is used in the preparation of the psychoactive beverage yurema, which is consumed for medical religious purposes by certain populations of northeastern Brazil. The serotonin agonist N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is present in the root bark of M. tenuiflora; however, when ingested, this compound becomes inactive due to the rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the digestive system. No MAO inhibitors have been detected in M. tenuiflora; hence, it is interesting for researchers to note the visionary effects yuremamine exerts. Initially, Yuremamine was assigned as apyrrolo [1, 2-a] indole (55), but synthetic methods led to assigning yuremamine as flavoalkaloid (56) (Figure 21.2) (Calvert et al., 2015).
Mystical States achieved through Psychedelics: The Origins, Classical, and Contemporary Use of Psychedelics
Published in Andrew C. Papanicolaou, A Scientific Assessment of the Validity of Mystical Experiences, 2021
DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is yet another tryptamine alkaloid that has been used in South America for therapeutic and religious purposes for many centuries10. As mentioned above, it is one basic ingredient in ayahuasca which is made by plants that are rich in it as well as plants that contain monoamine oxidase inhibitors or MOIs—the familiar antidepressant medication.
Soul Medicine Crossing the Border
Published in Len Wisneski, The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), as mentioned in Chapter 4 on the relaxation system, is an endogenous molecule with hallucinogenic properties (Strassman, 2001). Recall Rick Strassman's research describing how the monoamine oxidases (MAOs) enzymes quickly break down DMT and prevent its hallucinogenic effects. Strassman injected DMT into volunteers (to bypass the MAOs), which resulted in their having classic stress responses and almost no meaningful spiritual insights. Although Strassman remained convinced that DMT was “the spiritual molecule,” he saw that it had no therapeutic value.
A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2020
Jason B. Luoma, Christina Chwyl, Geoff J. Bathje, Alan K. Davis, Rafael Lancelotta
We sought to identify all published randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy since the publishing of the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994). Our systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff and Altman 2009). Inclusion criteria were: a) original research published in a peer-reviewed journal, b) randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, and c) assesses the effect of MDMA, psilocybin, ayahuasca, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), or LSD on symptoms of a diagnosed psychiatric condition listed in either the DSM-IV or DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Non-English language was an exclusion criterion. We searched PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, Academic Search Premiere and CINHAL from January 1994 to March 2019 with terms specifying the active substance administered in the study (“psilocybin”, “MDMA”, “3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine”, “ayahuasca”, “DMT”, “5-MeO-DMT”, “Banisteriopsis caapi”, or “LSD”) in pairwise combination with terms specifying the trial’s clinical focus (“depressive”, “depression”, “anxiety”, “distress”, “trauma”, “post-traumatic stress disorder”, “obsessive compulsive disorder”, “PTSD”, “OCD”, “alcohol”, “drinking”, “nicotine”, “smoking”, “cigarette”, “marijuana”, “cocaine”, “stimulant”, “opiate”, “heroin”, “methamphetamine”, “depressant”, “inhalant” or “injection”).
Syrian rue seeds interacted with acacia tree bark in an herbal stew resulted in N,N-dimethyltryptamine poisoning
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Chuan-Huai Liu, Wei-Lan Chu, Shu-Chen Liao, Chen-Chang Yang, Chih-Chuan Lin
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a tryptamine with sympathomimetic effects and is an active ingredient of an ancient hallucinogenic beverage called “ayahuasca”, which is frequently used by adolescents and young adults [1]. DMT is commonly taken orally for recreation purpose. It is a challenge to confirm a diagnosis of DMT overdose in an acute situation. Commercially available urine drug test using enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) does not detect DMT. However, DMT may cross-react with sympathomimetic agents resulting in a false positive for amphetamine [2]. Harmaline, a plant alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines, is a central nervous system stimulant as well as a reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor (MAO-A inhibitor) [3].
Persistent Tinnitus after Inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Interest in researching the therapeutic use of classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) has increased in recent decades with several small clinical studies producing promising results for a variety of mental illnesses (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017; Fuentes et al. 2020; Liechti 2017; Malcolm and Lee 2017; Thomas, Malcolm, and Lastra 2017). In recent clinical trials of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy, there have been no serious adverse events observed and adverse effects have been primarily transient and limited to the experience itself or the week after the experience (Mithoefer et al. 2019; Thomas, Malcolm, and Lastra 2017).