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Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
Juncus effusus L. is a perennial riparian aquatic plant with a grass-like appearance. Juncus effusus has no leaves and consists only of erect green stems that are smooth, cylindrical, unjointed and can reach heights from 60 to 150 cm tall (Figure 4.20a and b). These plants grow in tufts that or can grow in a colony. Juncus effusus is classified as having a rosette hemicryptohyte growth arrangement related to its tussock-like nature and bud production at ground level. The leaves are reduced to reddish brown sheaths at the base of the stems. The rhizomes mainly grow horizontally underground at a depth of 1.5–3 cm beneath the surface (McCorry and Renou 2003).
A review on charred traditional Chinese herbs: carbonization to yield a haemostatic effect
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Zhi Chen, Si-Yong Ye, Ying Yang, Zhong-Yuan Li
The primary method to prepare charcoal medicine is carbonizing the medicine by high-temperature heating (Liu et al. 2018). Through carbonizing, some of the chemical components in drugs will be changed (Sun et al. 2013). According to the TCM theory, some of the components will be lost during the processing, while the efficacy of haemostasis will be enhanced and the toxic effect will be reduced (Chai et al. 2012). Two primary traditional methods of carbonizing are: carbonizing by stir-frying and carbonizing by calcining (also known as wok-covering calcining). Both methods are suitable for general drugs. Carbonizing by stir-frying means to heat medicine with a preheating vessel of high or moderate heat until the medicine turns into internally reddish brown and externally burned black. It belongs to plain-frying. Its main purpose is to endow medicine with an effect of stopping bleeding or strengthen the effect of stopping bleeding. It can be applied to stir-frying of rhizome drug, such as carbonized Rheum officinale, carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma and carbonized Cortex Moutan, etc. Carbonizing by calcining means to heat and carbonize medicine in high-temperature and anoxic condition. It is appropriate for loose or light medicines that can be carbonized easily (such as hair and Juncus effusus) and solid medicines that cannot be stir-fried easily (such as Radix Rehmanniae and Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis). It is difficult to control the stir-frying degree of charcoal drugs by these traditional methods of carbonizing, for these methods have many defects. Uneven heating of medicine can cause ashing, carbonization or raw pieces. Due to light weight of leaf medicine, it is difficult to control duration and heating degree, leading to a high rate of waste. As the interior of root medicine is not dry, it cannot be carbonized completely, resulting in inconvenient and time-consuming operation and much smoke.